{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:58:54Z","timestamp":1760241534694,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,9]],"date-time":"2018-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61404028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61404028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program)","award":["2015AA016601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015AA016601"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conventional GPS acquisition methods, such as Max selection and threshold crossing (MAX\/TC), estimate GPS code\/Doppler by its correlation peak. Different from MAX\/TC, a multi-layer binarized convolution neural network (BCNN) is proposed to recognize the GPS acquisition correlation envelope in this article. The proposed method is a double dwell acquisition in which a short integration is adopted in the first dwell and a long integration is applied in the second one. To reduce the search space for parameters, BCNN detects the possible envelope which contains the auto-correlation peak in the first dwell to compress the initial search space to 1\/1023. Although there is a long integration in the second dwell, the acquisition computation overhead is still low due to the compressed search space. Comprehensively, the total computation overhead of the proposed method is only 1\/5 of conventional ones. Experiments show that the proposed double dwell\/correlation envelope identification (DD\/CEI) neural network achieves 2 dB improvement when compared with the MAX\/TC under the same specification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,10]],"date-time":"2018-05-10T03:48:27Z","timestamp":1525924107000},"page":"1482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Double Dwell High Sensitivity GPS Acquisition Scheme Using Binarized Convolution Neural Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National ASIC System Engineering Research Center, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National ASIC System Engineering Research Center, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National ASIC System Engineering Research Center, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China"}]},{"given":"Hengfeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National ASIC System Engineering Research Center, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National ASIC System Engineering Research Center, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National ASIC System Engineering Research Center, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China"}]},{"given":"Luchi","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National ASIC System Engineering Research Center, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National ASIC System Engineering Research Center, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China"}]},{"given":"Longxing","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National ASIC System Engineering Research Center, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1109\/26.536923","article-title":"On the MAX\/TC criterion for code acquisition and its application to DS-SSMA systems","volume":"44","author":"Corazza","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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Res."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/5\/1482\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:03:50Z","timestamp":1760195030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/5\/1482"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,9]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s18051482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18051482","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,9]]}}}