{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T16:57:18Z","timestamp":1784048238489,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,9]],"date-time":"2018-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1613224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1613224"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1713221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1713221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pedicle drilling is an important step in pedicle screw fixation and the most significant challenge in this operation is how to determine a key point in the transition region between cancellous and inner cortical bone. The purpose of this paper is to find a method to achieve the recognition for the key point. After acquiring acoustic emission (AE) signals during the drilling process, this paper proposed a novel frequency distribution-based algorithm (FDB) to analyze the AE signals in the frequency domain after certain processes. Then we select a specific frequency domain of the signal for standard operations and choose a fitting function to fit the obtained sequence. Characters of the fitting function are extracted as outputs for identification of different bone layers. The results, which are obtained by detecting force signal and direct measurement, are given in the paper. Compared with the results above, the results obtained by AE signals are distinguishable for different bone layers and are more accurate and precise. The results of the algorithm are trained and identified by a neural network and the recognition rate reaches 84.2%. The proposed method is proved to be efficient and can be used for bone layer identification in pedicle screw fixation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,10]],"date-time":"2018-05-10T03:48:27Z","timestamp":1525924107000},"page":"1484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["State Recognition of Bone Drilling Based on Acoustic Emission in Pedicle Screw Operation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Fengqing","family":"Guan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9649-9894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6010-3974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaozhi","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, University of Hamburg, 22527 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2015.07.008","article-title":"Posterior atlantoaxial fixation: A review of all techniques","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2013.2287305","article-title":"Noncontact vibration measurement based thoracic spine condition monitoring during pedicle drilling","volume":"19","author":"Dai","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. 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