{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T01:30:04Z","timestamp":1784770204936,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,15]],"date-time":"2018-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1526342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30-GM103333"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30-GM103333"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20-GM10909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20-GM10909"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Total knee arthroplasty is a common surgical treatment for end-stage osteoarthritis of the knee. The majority of existing studies that have explored the relationship between recovery and gait biomechanics have been conducted in laboratory settings. However, seamless gait parameter monitoring in real-world conditions may provide a better understanding of recovery post-surgery. The purpose of this study was to estimate kinematic and kinetic gait variables using two ankle-worn wearable sensors in individuals after unilateral total knee arthroplasty. Eighteen subjects at least six months post-unilateral total knee arthroplasty participated in this study. Four biomechanical gait variables were measured using an instrumented split-belt treadmill and motion capture systems. Concurrently, eleven inertial gait variables were extracted from two ankle-worn accelerometers. Subsets of the inertial gait variables for each biomechanical gait variable estimation were statistically selected. Then, hierarchical regressions were created to determine the directional contributions of the inertial gait variables for biomechanical gait variable estimations. Selected inertial gait variables significantly predicted trial-averaged biomechanical gait variables. Moreover, strong directionally-aligned relationships were observed. Wearable-based gait monitoring of multiple and sequential kinetic gait variables in daily life could provide a more accurate understanding of the relationships between movement patterns and recovery from total knee arthroplasty.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,15]],"date-time":"2018-05-15T11:36:13Z","timestamp":1526384173000},"page":"1577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Biomechanical Gait Variable Estimation Using Wearable Sensors after Unilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ik-Hyun","family":"Youn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Navigation & Information Systems, Mokpo National Maritime University, Mokpo 58628, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Hoon","family":"Youn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Zeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8997-1377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Knarr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.01.019","article-title":"Motion analysis of patients after knee arthroplasty during activities of daily living\u2014A systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Komnik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2014.11.001","article-title":"Relationship between biomechanical asymmetries during a step up and over task and stair climbing after total knee arthroplasty","volume":"30","author":"Pozzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2017.03.001","article-title":"Does standing limb alignment after total knee arthroplasty predict dynamic alignment and knee loading during gait?","volume":"24","author":"Ollivier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2013.05.002","article-title":"Relationship between leg extensor muscle strength and knee joint loading during gait before and after total knee arthroplasty","volume":"21","author":"Vahtrik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2016.2608720","article-title":"Toward pervasive gait analysis with wearable sensors: A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biom. Health Inf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22564","article-title":"Three-Dimensional biomechanical gait characteristics at baseline are associated with progression to total knee arthroplasty","volume":"67","author":"Hatfield","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arth. Care Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(02)00433-5","article-title":"Normalization of joint moments during gait: A comparison of two techniques","volume":"36","author":"Moisio","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2011.03.006","article-title":"Symmetry of ground reaction forces and muscle activity in asymptomatic subjects during walking, sit-to-stand, and stand-to-sit tasks","volume":"21","author":"Burnett","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burnett, D.R., Campbell-Kyureghyan, N.H., Topp, R.V., and Quesada, P.M. (2015). Biomechanics of lower limbs during walking among candidates for total knee arthroplasty with and without low back pain. BioMed Res. Int.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/142562"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1832-6","article-title":"Quadriceps force and anterior tibial force occur obviously later than vertical ground reaction force: A simulation study","volume":"18","author":"Ueno","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disord."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(98)90099-7","article-title":"Flat foot functional evaluation using pattern recognition of ground reaction data","volume":"14","author":"Bertani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.10.002","article-title":"Interlimb asymmetry during walking following unilateral total knee arthroplasty","volume":"28","author":"Milner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22329","article-title":"Relationship between strength, pain, and different measures of functional ability in patients with End-Stage hip osteoarthritis","volume":"66","author":"Zeni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthr. Care Res."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"172","article-title":"Use of force platform variables to quantify the effects of chiropractic manipulation on gait symmetry","volume":"10","author":"Nigg","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Manipulative Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.02.054","article-title":"Relationships between each part of the spinal curves and upright posture using multiple stepwise linear regression analysis","volume":"49","author":"Boulet","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2016.2532844","article-title":"Wearable barometric pressure sensor to improve postural transition recognition of mobility-impaired stroke patients","volume":"24","author":"Masse","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehab. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.2013-0173","article-title":"Habits predict physical activity on days when intentions are weak","volume":"36","author":"Rebar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/5\/1577\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:04:24Z","timestamp":1760195064000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/5\/1577"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,15]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s18051577"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18051577","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,15]]}}}