{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T16:47:41Z","timestamp":1785602861575,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,16]],"date-time":"2018-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1526428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Piezoelectric energy harvesters have proven to have the potential to be a power source in a wide range of applications. As the harvester dimensions scale down, the resonance frequencies of these devices increase drastically. Proof masses are essential in micro-scale devices in order to decrease the resonance frequency and increase the strain along the beam to increase the output power. In this work, the effects of proof mass geometry on piezoelectric energy harvesters are studied. Different geometrical dimension ratios have significant impact on the resonance frequency, e.g., beam to mass lengths, and beam to mass widths. A piezoelectric energy harvester has been fabricated and tested operating at a frequency of about 4 kHz within the audible range. The responses of various prototypes were studied, and an optimized T-shaped piezoelectric vibration energy harvester design is presented for improved performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,17]],"date-time":"2018-05-17T03:49:29Z","timestamp":1526528969000},"page":"1584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Effects of Proof Mass Geometry on Piezoelectric Vibration Energy Harvesters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8099-7426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul Hafiz","family":"Alameh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3C 1K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8387-5288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathieu","family":"Gratuze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3C 1K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohannad Y.","family":"Elsayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3C 1K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2281-7172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederic","family":"Nabki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3C 1K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erturk, A., and Inman, D.J. (2011). Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119991151"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Schaijk, R., Elfrink, R., Oudenhoven, J., Pop, V., Wang, Z., and Renaud, M. (2013). A mems vibration energy harvester for automotive applications. Proc. SPIE, 8763.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2016916"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1109\/MSSC.2010.936667","article-title":"Energy harvesting for autonomous wireless sensor networks","volume":"2","author":"Vullers","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Solid State Circuits Mag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1098","article-title":"Piezoelectric-nanowire-enabled power source for driving wireless microelectronics","volume":"1","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3323","DOI":"10.3390\/s140203323","article-title":"A vibration-based mems piezoelectric energy harvester and power conditioning circuit","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2017.2689326","article-title":"Scaling and performance analysis of mems piezoelectric energy harvesters","volume":"26","author":"Sriramdas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2015.2496346","article-title":"Power optimization by mass tuning for mems piezoelectric cantilever vibration energy harvesting","volume":"25","author":"Jia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025009","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/18\/2\/025009","article-title":"An experimentally validated bimorph cantilever model for piezoelectric energy harvesting from base excitations","volume":"18","author":"Erturk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045029","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/21\/4\/045029","article-title":"Modeling and experimental verification of low-frequency mems energy harvesting from ambient vibrations","volume":"21","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beeby, S.P. (2015). Energy harvesting devices. Resonant MEMS, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527676330.ch18"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Dompierre, A., Vengallatore, S., and Fr\u00e9chette, L. (December, January 30). Compact model formulation and design guidelines for piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting with geometric and material considerations. Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Micro and Nanotechnology for Power Generation and Energy Conversion Applications-Power MEMS, Leuven, Belgium."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045023","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/19\/4\/045023","article-title":"Modeling and experimental verification of proof mass effects on vibration energy harvester performance","volume":"19","author":"Miso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065016","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/17\/6\/065016","article-title":"Issues in mathematical modeling of piezoelectric energy harvesters","volume":"17","author":"Erturk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"095037","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/23\/9\/095037","article-title":"Electromechanical finite element modelling for dynamic analysis of a cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvester with tip mass offset under base excitations","volume":"23","author":"Lumentut","year":"2014","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00707-016-1726-y","article-title":"Intrinsic electromechanical dynamic equations for piezoelectric power harvesters","volume":"228","author":"Lumentut","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Mech."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Roundy, S., Wright, P.K., and Rabaey, J.M. (2012). Energy Scavenging for Wireless Sensor Networks: With Special Focus on Vibrations, Springer."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2012.2200530","article-title":"A fully autonomous integrated interface circuit for piezoelectric harvesters","volume":"47","author":"Hehn","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Cowen, A., Hames, G., Glukh, K., and Hardy, B. (2014). PiezoMUMPs Design Handbook, MEMSCAP Inc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041301","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4900845","article-title":"Energy harvesting from low frequency applications using piezoelectric materials","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4755","DOI":"10.3390\/s140304755","article-title":"Piezoelectric energy harvesting solutions","volume":"14","author":"Rongala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2017, December 01). APS2509S-T-R Piezo Speaker. Available online: http:\/\/www.puiaudio.com\/pdf\/aps2509s-t-r.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2005.14","article-title":"Improving power output for vibration-based energy scavengers","volume":"4","author":"Roundy","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Pervasive Comput."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/5\/1584\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:04:31Z","timestamp":1760195071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/5\/1584"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,16]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s18051584"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18051584","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,16]]}}}