{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T02:38:17Z","timestamp":1780454297689,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,17]],"date-time":"2018-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1526515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thermal comfort has become a topic issue in building performance assessment as well as energy efficiency. Three methods are mainly recognized for its assessment. Two of them based on standardized methodologies, face the problem by considering the indoor environment in steady-state conditions (PMV and PPD) and users as active subjects whose thermal perception is influenced by outdoor climatic conditions (adaptive approach). The latter method is the starting point to investigate thermal comfort from an overall perspective by considering endogenous variables besides the traditional physical and environmental ones. Following this perspective, the paper describes the results of an in-field investigation of thermal conditions through the use of nearable and wearable solutions, parametric models and machine learning techniques. The aim of the research is the exploration of the reliability of IoT-based solutions combined with advanced algorithms, in order to create a replicable framework for the assessment and improvement of user thermal satisfaction. For this purpose, an experimental test in real offices was carried out involving eight workers. Parametric models are applied for the assessment of thermal comfort; IoT solutions are used to monitor the environmental variables and the users\u2019 parameters; the machine learning CART method allows to predict the users\u2019 profile and the thermal comfort perception respect to the indoor environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,17]],"date-time":"2018-05-17T11:47:45Z","timestamp":1526557665000},"page":"1602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Integrated Method for Personal Thermal Comfort Assessment and Optimization through Users\u2019 Feedback, IoT and Machine Learning: A Case Study \u2020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3215-3979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Salamone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ITC-CNR, Construction Technologies Institute-National Research Council of Italy, Lombardia St., 49-20098 San Giuliano M.se, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1341-0602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Belussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITC-CNR, Construction Technologies Institute-National Research Council of Italy, Lombardia St., 49-20098 San Giuliano M.se, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Curr\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SCS, SoftCare Studios Srls, Franco Sacchetti St., 52-00137 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludovico","family":"Danza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITC-CNR, Construction Technologies Institute-National Research Council of Italy, Lombardia St., 49-20098 San Giuliano M.se, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Ghellere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITC-CNR, Construction Technologies Institute-National Research Council of Italy, Lombardia St., 49-20098 San Giuliano M.se, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Guazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITC-CNR, Construction Technologies Institute-National Research Council of Italy, Lombardia St., 49-20098 San Giuliano M.se, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Lenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SCS, SoftCare Studios Srls, Franco Sacchetti St., 52-00137 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentino","family":"Megale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SCS, SoftCare Studios Srls, Franco Sacchetti St., 52-00137 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Italo","family":"Meroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITC-CNR, Construction Technologies Institute-National Research Council of Italy, Lombardia St., 49-20098 San Giuliano M.se, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Fanger, P.O. (1970). Thermal Comfort: Analysis and Applications in Environmental Engineering, Danish Technical Press."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2006). Technical Committee ISO\/TC 159 and Technical Committee CEN\/TC 122 ISO 7730: 2005. Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment\u2014Analytical Determination and Interpretation of Thermal Comfort Using Calculation of the PMV and PPD Indices and Local Thermal Comfort Criteria, European Committee for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"151","article-title":"The assessment of the thermal environment. A review","volume":"19","author":"Macpherson","year":"1962","journal-title":"Br. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2009.03.016","article-title":"An evaluation model for indoor environmental quality (IEQ) acceptance in residential buildings","volume":"41","author":"Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2010.10.021","article-title":"Literature survey on how different factors influence human comfort in indoor environments","volume":"46","author":"Frontczak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2013.08.022","article-title":"Gender differences in office occupant perception of indoor environmental quality (IEQ)","volume":"70","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2015.03.014","article-title":"A field study on thermal comfort in an Italian hospital considering differences in gender and age","volume":"50","author":"Iavicoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2013.07.002","article-title":"Thermal comfort evaluation in kindergarten: PMV and PPD measurement through datalogger and questionnaire","volume":"68","author":"Fabbri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsbe.2016.03.006","article-title":"Impact of indoor environmental quality on occupant well-being and comfort: A review of the literature","volume":"5","author":"Arif","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Alfano, F.D.A., Bellia, L., Boerstra, A., Van Dijken, F., Ianniello, E., Lopardo, G., Minichiello, F., Romagnoni, P., and da Silva, M.G. (2010). REHVA\u2014Indoor Environment and Energy Efficiency in Schools\u2014Part 1, REHVA."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2013.05.013","article-title":"PMV\u2013PPD and acceptability in naturally ventilated schools","volume":"67","author":"Alfano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2010.07.040","article-title":"Thermal comfort: A review paper","volume":"14","author":"Djongyang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2015.07.047","article-title":"A review of human thermal comfort in the built environment","volume":"105","author":"Rupp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"III4.1","article-title":"Calculation of thermal comfort, Introduction of a basic comfort equation","volume":"73","author":"Fanger","year":"1967","journal-title":"ASHRAE Trans."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.07.052","article-title":"Povl Ole Fanger\u2019s impact ten years later","volume":"152","author":"Alfano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7788(02)00003-8","article-title":"Extension of the PMV model to non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates","volume":"34","author":"Fanger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"British Standards Institution (2007). Indoor Environmental Input Parameters for Design and Assessment of Energy Performance of Buildings Addressing Indoor Air Quality, Thermal Environment, Lighting and Acoustics, European Committee for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, Air-Conditioning Engineers, and American National Standards Institute (2017). Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, ASHRAE. ASHRAE 55."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"De Dear, R., and Brager, G.S. (1998). Developing an Adaptive Model of Thermal Comfort and Preference, Center for the Built Environment."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"991","article-title":"Understanding the adaptive approach to thermal comfort","volume":"104","author":"Humphreys","year":"1998","journal-title":"ASHRAE Trans."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12046","article-title":"Progress in thermal comfort research over the last twenty years","volume":"23","author":"Dear","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2012.04.011","article-title":"The adaptive approach to thermal comfort: A critical overview","volume":"51","author":"Halawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicol, J.F., and Roaf, S. (2017). Rethinking thermal comfort. Build. Res. Inf.","DOI":"10.1080\/09613218.2017.1301698"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-18374-9_10","article-title":"Integration of real-time metabolic rate measurement in a low-cost tool for the thermal comfort monitoring in AAL environments","volume":"Volume 11","author":"Revel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ambient Assisted Living Italian Forum 2014"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2014.03.017","article-title":"Perception of the thermal environment in sports facilities through subjective approach","volume":"77","author":"Revel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhuri, T., Soh, Y.C., Li, H., and Xie, L. (2017, January 23\u201326). Machine learning based prediction of thermal comfort in buildings of equatorial Singapore. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid and Smart Cities (ICSGSC), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSGSC.2017.8038552"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2017.12.011","article-title":"Personal comfort models: Predicting individuals\u2019 thermal preference using occupant heating and cooling behavior and machine learning","volume":"129","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2004). ISO 8996\u2014Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment\u2014Determination of Metabolic Rate, International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salamone, F., Belussi, L., Danza, L., and Meroni, I. (2017). An integrated framework for users\u2019 well-being. Proceedings of the 4th International Electronic Conference on Sensors and Applications, MDPI AG.","DOI":"10.3390\/ecsa-4-04908"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Mackey, C.C.W. (2015). Pan Climatic Humans: Shaping Thermal Habits in an Unconditioned Society. [Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13012","DOI":"10.3390\/s150613012","article-title":"Design and Development of nEMoS, an All-in-One, Low-Cost, Web-Connected and 3D-Printed Device for Environmental Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Salamone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salamone, F., Danza, L., Meroni, I., and Pollastro, M.C. (2017). A Low-Cost Environmental Monitoring System: How to Prevent Systematic Errors in the Design Phase through the Combined Use of Additive Manufacturing and Thermographic Techniques. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040828"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(1998). ISO 7726\u2014Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment, Instruments for Measuring Physical Quantities, International Standard Organization."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Dunn, P.F., and Davis, M.P. (2017). Measurement and Data Analysis for Engineering and Science, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saquib, N., Papon, M.T.I., Ahmad, I., and Rahman, A. (2015, January 5\u20137). Measurement of heart rate using photoplethysmography. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Networking Systems and Security (NSysS), Dhaka, Bangladesh.","DOI":"10.1109\/NSysS.2015.7043525"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pietil\u00e4, J., Mehrang, S., Tolonen, J., Helander, E., Jimison, H., Pavel, M., and Korhonen, I. (2017). Evaluation of the accuracy and reliability for photoplethysmography based heart rate and beat-to-beat detection during daily activities. EMBEC & NBC, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5122-7_37"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.2016-0177","article-title":"Evaluation of the metabolic rate based on the recording of the heart rate","volume":"55","author":"Malchaire","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2018.01.005","article-title":"Human metabolic rate and thermal comfort in buildings: The problem and challenge","volume":"131","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2016.10.007","article-title":"Sensitivity study for the PMV thermal comfort model and the use of wearable devices biometric data for metabolic rate estimation","volume":"110","author":"Hasan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7788(02)00008-7","article-title":"Personal factors in thermal comfort assessment: Clothing properties and metabolic heat production","volume":"34","author":"Havenith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2009). ISO 9920\u2014Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment\u2014Estimation of the Thermal Insulation and Evaporative Resistance of a Clothing Ensemble, International Standardization Organization."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2016.08.008","article-title":"Measurements of the additional thermal insulation of aircraft seat with clothing ensembles of different seasons","volume":"108","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2014.06.033","article-title":"Thermal Comfort: Design and Assessment for Energy Saving","volume":"81","author":"Olesen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2016.11.032","article-title":"Notes on the Calculation of the PMV index by means of Apps","volume":"101","author":"Palella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2018, March 18). Grasshopper. Available online: http:\/\/www.grasshopper3d.com."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2018, March 18). Ladybug Tools. Available online: http:\/\/www.ladybug.tools."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Roudsari, M.S., Pak, M., and Smith, A. (2013, January 25\u201330). Ladybug: A parametric environmental plugin for grasshopper to help designers create an environmentally-conscious design. Proceedings of the 13th International IBPSA Conference, Lyon, France."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2018, March 18). TT Toolbox. Available online: http:\/\/core.thorntontomasetti.com\/tt-toolbox-for-grasshopper."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danza, L., Barozzi, B., Belussi, L., Meroni, I., and Salamone, F. (2016). Assessment of the performance of a ventilated window coupled with a heat recovery unit through the co-heating test. Buildings, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings6010003"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salamone, F., Belussi, L., Danza, L., Ghellere, M., and Meroni, I. (2016). An Open Source \u201cSmart Lamp\u201d for the Optimization of Plant Systems and Thermal Comfort of Offices. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16030338"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, S., Jaques, N., Chen, W., Fedor, S., Sano, A., and Picard, R. (2015, January 25\u201329). Automatic Identification of Artifacts in Electrodermal Activity Data. Proceedings of the International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2015.7318762"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2018, March 18). EDA-Explorer. Available online: http:\/\/eda-explorer.media.mit.edu\/."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2018, April 24). Sklearn Logistic Regression Algorithm. Available online: http:\/\/scikit-learn.org\/stable\/modules\/generated\/sklearn.linear_model.LogisticRegression.html."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2018, April 24). Sklearn Linear Discriminant Analysis Algorithm. Available online: http:\/\/scikit-learn.org\/stable\/modules\/lda_qda.html."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2018, April 24). Sklearn K-Nearest Neighbors. Available online: http:\/\/scikit-learn.org\/stable\/modules\/neighbors.html."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2018, April 24). Sklearn Classification and Regression Trees. Available online: http:\/\/scikit-learn.org\/stable\/modules\/tree.html."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2018, April 24). Sklearn Gaussian Naive Bayes. Available online: http:\/\/scikit-learn.org\/stable\/modules\/naive_bayes.html."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2018, April 24). Sklearn Support Vector Machines. Available online: http:\/\/scikit-learn.org\/stable\/modules\/svm.html."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2018, April 24). Sklearn Accuracy Score. Available online: http:\/\/scikit-learn.org\/stable\/modules\/model_evaluation.html#accuracy-score."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2018, April 24). Sklearn K-Folds Cross-Validator. Available online: http:\/\/scikit-learn.org\/stable\/modules\/generated\/sklearn.model_selection.KFold.html."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Breiman, L., Friedman, J., Olshen, R., and Stone, C. (1984). Classification and Regression Trees, Wadsworth."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"(2018, April 24). Complete Classification Tree. Available online: http:\/\/www.docet.itc.cnr.it\/ML_cart.png."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"(2018, March 18). Sklearn.metrics. Available online: http:\/\/scikit-learn.org\/stable\/modules\/generated\/sklearn.metrics.precision_recall_fscore_support.html."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2010.08.034","article-title":"Numerical analysis of air flow, heat transfer, moisture transport and thermal comfort in a room heated by two-panel radiators","volume":"43","author":"Sevilgen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2008.07.014","article-title":"Design considerations with ventilation-radiators: Comparisons to traditional two-panel radiators","volume":"41","author":"Myhren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salamone, F., Belussi, L., Danza, L., Galanos, T., Ghellere, M., and Meroni, I. (2017). Design and Development of a Nearable Wireless System to Control Indoor Air Quality and Indoor Lighting Quality. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17051021"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2016.11.021","article-title":"Integration of a do it yourself Hardware in a Lighting Device for the Management of Thermal Comfort and Energy Use","volume":"101","author":"Salamone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.11.148","article-title":"How to control the Indoor Environmental Quality through the use of the Do-It-Yourself approach and new pervasive technologies","volume":"140","author":"Salamone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1260\/1351-010X.22.2.123","article-title":"Improvement of Fa\u00e7ades\u2019 Sound Insulation of Schools near the Bergamo\u2014Orio al Serio International Airport: Case Study","volume":"22","author":"Torchia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Build. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/1351010X16670173","article-title":"Correlation between facade sound insulation and urban noise: A contribution to the acoustic classification of existing buildings","volume":"23","author":"Casini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Build. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2017.05.023","article-title":"Effect of outdoor noise and fa\u00e7ade sound insulation on indoor acoustic environment of Italian schools","volume":"126","author":"Secchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1515\/oere-2015-0008","article-title":"Energy performance assessment with empirical methods: Application of energy signature","volume":"23","author":"Belussi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Rev."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Belussi, L., Danza, L., Meroni, I., Salamone, F., Ragazzi, F., and Mililli, M. (2014). Energy performance of buildings: A study of the differences between assessment methods. Energy Consumption: Impacts of Human Activity, Current and Future Challenges, Environmental and Socio-Economic Effects, Nova Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2016.11.013","article-title":"A simplified thermal model to control the energy fluxes and to improve the performance of buildings","volume":"101","author":"Danza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danza, L., Belussi, L., Meroni, I., Mililli, M., and Salamone, F. (2016). Hourly calculation method of air source heat pump behavior. Buildings, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings6020016"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"(2018, May 16). FHfFC Project Web Page. Available online: www.fhffc.it."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/5\/1602\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:04:44Z","timestamp":1760195084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/5\/1602"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,17]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s18051602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18051602","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,17]]}}}