{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T14:23:56Z","timestamp":1772547836074,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,21]],"date-time":"2018-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1526860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a new nonlinear filtering method based on the Hunt-Crossley model for online nonlinear soft tissue characterization. This method overcomes the problem of performance degradation in the unscented Kalman filter due to contact model error. It adopts the concept of Mahalanobis distance to identify contact model error, and further incorporates a scaling factor in predicted state covariance to compensate identified model error. This scaling factor is determined according to the principle of innovation orthogonality to avoid the cumbersome computation of Jacobian matrix, where the random weighting concept is adopted to improve the estimation accuracy of innovation covariance. A master-slave robotic indentation system is developed to validate the performance of the proposed method. Simulation and experimental results as well as comparison analyses demonstrate that the efficacy of the proposed method for online characterization of soft tissue parameters in the presence of contact model error.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,22]],"date-time":"2018-05-22T04:34:03Z","timestamp":1526963643000},"page":"1650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Random Weighting, Strong Tracking, and Unscented Kalman Filter for Soft Tissue Characterization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1056-7102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaehyun","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0105-9296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongmin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denny","family":"Oetomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengfan","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City of Whittlesea, Mill Park, VIC 3082, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2016.2538080","article-title":"Haptics in Robot-Assisted Surgery: Challenges and Benefits","volume":"9","author":"Enayati","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Rev. 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