{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:31:30Z","timestamp":1767918690738,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,23]],"date-time":"2018-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61403412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61403412"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The accurate angle measurement of objects outside the linear field of view (FOV) is a challenging task for a strapdown semi-active laser seeker and is not yet well resolved. Considering the fact that the strapdown semi-active laser seeker is equipped with GPS and an inertial navigation system (INS) on a missile, in this work, we present an angle measurement method based on the fusion of the seeker\u2019s data and GPS and INS data for a strapdown semi-active laser seeker. When an object is in the nonlinear FOV or outside the FOV, by solving the problems of space consistency and time consistency, the pitch angle and yaw angle of the object can be calculated via the fusion of the last valid angles measured by the seeker and the corresponding GPS and INS data. The numerical simulation results demonstrate the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,24]],"date-time":"2018-05-24T02:55:43Z","timestamp":1527130543000},"page":"1673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Angle Measurement of Objects outside the Linear Field of View of a Strapdown Semi-Active Laser Seeker"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3631-7929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongbin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National university of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huimin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National university of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zongtan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National university of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.2514\/3.55892","article-title":"Copperhead Semiactive Laser Guidance System Development","volume":"2","author":"Robert","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. 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