{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T16:26:29Z","timestamp":1761927989396,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,23]],"date-time":"2018-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#51777010, #51707008, #U163010076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#51777010, #51707008, #U163010076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-contact human-computer interactions (HCI) based on hand gestures have been widely investigated. Here, we present a novel method to locate the real-time position of the hand using the electrostatics of the human body. This method has many advantages, including a delay of less than one millisecond, low cost, and does not require a camera or wearable devices. A formula is first created to sense array signals with five spherical electrodes. Next, a solving algorithm for the real-time measured hand position is introduced and solving equations for three-dimensional coordinates of hand position are obtained. A non-contact real-time hand position sensing system was established to perform verification experiments, and the principle error of the algorithm and the systematic noise were also analyzed. The results show that this novel technology can determine the dynamic parameters of hand movements with good robustness to meet the requirements of complicated HCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,24]],"date-time":"2018-05-24T02:55:43Z","timestamp":1527130543000},"page":"1677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Real-Time Hand Position Sensing Technology Based on Human Body Electrostatics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Kai","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechatronics Engineering and Control, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechatronics Engineering and Control, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechatronics Engineering and Control, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechatronics Engineering and Control, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechatronics Engineering and Control, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2010.12.009","article-title":"Feature fusion for 3D hand gesture recognition by learning a shared hidden space","volume":"33","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multimodal Human Hand Motion Sensing and Analysis\u2014A Review","volume":"8920","author":"Xue","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cogn. Dev. Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2298\/CSIS1001177L","article-title":"An accelerometer-based gesture recognition algorithm and its application for 3D interaction","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.20965\/jrm.2005.p0173","article-title":"A wearable pointing device using EMG signal","volume":"17","author":"Ogino","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Robot. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geng, W., Du, Y., and Jin, W. (2016). Gesture recognition by instantaneous surface EMG images. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36571"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, X., Wang, C., and Ju, Z. (2017). A New Framework of Human Interaction Recognition Based on Multiple Stage Probability Fusion. Appl. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/app7060567"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2017.09.046","article-title":"Multi-objective optimization for hand posture recognition","volume":"92","author":"Chevtchenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Z., Cao, Z., and Pi, Y. (2018). Dynamic Gesture Recognition with a Terahertz Radar Based on Range Profile Sequence sand Doppler Signatures. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010010"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elstat.2015.07.006","article-title":"A Non-contact Technique Using Electrostatics to Sense Three-dimensional Hand Movement for Human Computer Interaction","volume":"77","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Electrost."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3284","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1516861","article-title":"Remote Detection of Human Electroencephalograms Using Ultrahigh Input Impedance Electric Potential Sensors","volume":"81","author":"Harland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/13\/2\/304","article-title":"Electric Potential Probes-New Directions in the Remote Sensing of the Human Body","volume":"13","author":"Harland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/14\/7\/305","article-title":"High Resolution Ambulatory Electrocardiograph Monitoring Using Wrist Mounted Electric Potential Sensors","volume":"14","author":"Harland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1299\/jamdsm.1.294","article-title":"Human Body Detection that Uses Electric Field by Walking","volume":"1","author":"Takiguchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Adv. Mech. Des. Syst. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1299\/jamdsm.2.429","article-title":"Rhythm Pattern of Sole through Electrification of the Human Body When Walking","volume":"2","author":"Takiguchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Adv. Mech. Des. Syst. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10015-010-0753-3","article-title":"Detection of Human Respiration Based on Measurement of Current Generated by Electrostatic Induction","volume":"15","author":"Kurita","year":"2010","journal-title":"Artif. Life Robot."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026105","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3541554","article-title":"Human Heartbeat Measurement on the Basis of Current Generated by Electrostatic Induction","volume":"82","author":"Kurita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2011.05.001","article-title":"Novel Non-contact and Non-attached Technique for Detecting Sports Motion","volume":"44","author":"Kurita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2010.2102735","article-title":"A New Control Method for Bipedal Robot Based on Noncontact and Nonattached Human Movement Sensing Technique","volume":"47","author":"Kurita","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/11\/3\/318","article-title":"An Ultra-low-noise Electric-potential Probe for Human-body Scanning","volume":"11","author":"Prance","year":"2000","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Feynman, R.P., Leighton, R.B., and Sands, M. (2011). The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Basic Books. The New Millennium Edition."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/6\/1677\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:05:36Z","timestamp":1760195136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/6\/1677"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,23]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s18061677"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18061677","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,23]]}}}