{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T04:16:12Z","timestamp":1784088972456,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,25]],"date-time":"2018-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Foodborne illness is correlated with the existence of infectious pathogens such as bacteria in food and drinking water. Probe-modified graphene field effect transistors (G-FETs) have been shown to be suitable for Escherichia coli (E. coli) detection. Here, the G-FETs for bacterial detection are modeled and simulated with COMSOL Multiphysics to understand the operation of the biosensors. The motion of E. coli cells in electrolyte and the surface charge of graphene induced by E. coli are systematically investigated. The comparison between the simulation and experimental data proves the sensing probe size to be a key parameter affecting the surface charge of graphene induced by bacteria. Finally, the relationship among the change in source-drain current (\u2206Ids), graphene-bacteria distance and bacterial concentration is established. The shorter graphene-bacteria distance and higher bacterial concentration give rise to better sensing performance (larger \u2206Ids) of the G-FETs biosensors. The simulation here could serve as a guideline for the design and optimization of G-FET biosensors for various applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,28]],"date-time":"2018-05-28T03:54:21Z","timestamp":1527479661000},"page":"1715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Simulation of Graphene Field-Effect Transistor Biosensors for Bacterial Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4714-4568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangfu","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Centre for Robotics and Automation, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System (Ministry of Education), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Meyyappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Mountain View, CA 94035, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5002-2273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"King","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Centre for Robotics and Automation, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102896","article-title":"Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films","volume":"306","author":"Novoselov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1849","article-title":"The rise of graphene","volume":"6","author":"Geim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. 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