{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T11:19:06Z","timestamp":1767093546853,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,30]],"date-time":"2018-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The functionality of three dry electrocardiogram electrode constructions was evaluated by measuring canine heart rate during four different behaviors: Standing, sitting, lying and walking. The testing was repeated (n = 9) in each of the 36 scenarios with three dogs. Two of the electrodes were constructed with spring-loaded test pins while the third electrode was a molded polymer electrode with Ag\/AgCl coating. During the measurement, a specifically designed harness was used to attach the electrodes to the dogs. The performance of the electrodes was evaluated and compared in terms of heartbeat detection coverage. The effect on the respective heart rate coverage was studied by computing the heart rate coverage from the measured electrocardiogram signal using a pattern-matching algorithm to extract the R-peaks and further the beat-to-beat heart rate. The results show that the overall coverage ratios regarding the electrodes varied between 45\u201395% in four different activity modes. The lowest coverage was for lying and walking and the highest was for standing and sitting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,30]],"date-time":"2018-05-30T03:04:27Z","timestamp":1527649467000},"page":"1757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Evaluation of Dry Electrodes in Canine Heart Rate Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3713-4582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juhani","family":"Virtanen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology (TUT), P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland"}]},{"given":"Sanni","family":"Somppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki (UH), P.O. Box 57 (Viikintie 49), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Heini","family":"T\u00f6rnqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki (UH), P.O. Box 57 (Viikintie 49), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Vala","family":"Jeyhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology (TUT), P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9196-0717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrique","family":"Fiedler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Stra\u00dfe 2, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany"}]},{"given":"Yulia","family":"Gizatdinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Emotions, Sociality, and Computing, Faculty of Communication Sciences, University of Tampere (UTA), Pinni B Building, Kanslerinrinne 1, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland"}]},{"given":"P\u00e4ivi","family":"Majaranta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Emotions, Sociality, and Computing, Faculty of Communication Sciences, University of Tampere (UTA), Pinni B Building, Kanslerinrinne 1, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland"}]},{"given":"Heli","family":"V\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4j\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Emotions, Sociality, and Computing, Faculty of Communication Sciences, University of Tampere (UTA), Pinni B Building, Kanslerinrinne 1, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4991-5071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Valldeoriola Card\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki (UH), P.O. Box 57 (Viikintie 49), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Jukka","family":"Lekkala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology (TUT), P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4090-7278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sampo","family":"Tuukkanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology (TUT), P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland"}]},{"given":"Veikko","family":"Surakka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Emotions, Sociality, and Computing, Faculty of Communication Sciences, University of Tampere (UTA), Pinni B Building, Kanslerinrinne 1, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland"}]},{"given":"Outi","family":"Vainio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki (UH), P.O. Box 57 (Viikintie 49), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3721-3467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antti","family":"Vehkaoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology (TUT), P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2013.03.002","article-title":"Validity and reliability of Polar\u00ae RS800CX heart rate monitor, measuring heart rate in dogs during standing position and at trot on a treadmill","volume":"114","author":"Essner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1145\/1978822.1978836","article-title":"Animal-computer interaction: A manifesto","volume":"18","author":"Mancini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Interactions"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2016.04.015","article-title":"Heart rate variability predicts the emotional state in dogs","volume":"128","author":"Katayama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Process."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawson, S., Kirman, B., Linehan, C., Feltwell, T., and Hopkins, L. (2015, January 18\u201323). Problematising upstream technology through speculative design: The case of quantified cats and dogs. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702260"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.11.027","article-title":"Assessing positive emotional states in dogs using heart rate and heart rate variability","volume":"155","author":"Zupan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.11.003","article-title":"Reduced heart rate variability in pet dogs affected by anxiety-related behaviour problems","volume":"168","author":"Wormald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00e1csi, M., Maros, K., Sernkvist, S., Farag\u00f3, T., and Mikl\u00f3si, \u00c1. (2013). Human analogue safe haven effect of the owner: Behavioural and heart rate response to stressful social stimuli in dogs. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058475"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.01.007","article-title":"Heart rate variability as a measure of autonomic regulation of cardiac activity for assessing stress and welfare in farm animals\u2014A review","volume":"92","author":"Langbein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2018, April 04). Polar Electro Oy (\u201cPolar\u201d), Finland. Available online: https:\/\/www.polar.com\/en."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2014.10.034","article-title":"Comparison of Polar\u00ae RS800CX heart rate monitor and electrocardiogram for measuring inter-beat intervals in healthy dogs","volume":"138","author":"Essner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2011.10.006","article-title":"Validation of a Polar (R) human heart rate monitor for measuring heart rate and heart rate variability in adult dogs under stationary conditions","volume":"7","author":"Vinke","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav. Clin. Appl. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15821","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16118-6","article-title":"Dog ownership and the risk of cardiovascular disease and death\u2014A nationwide cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Mubanga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Brugarolas Brufau, R. (2016). Towards Automated Canine Training: Wearable Cyber-Physical Systems for Physiological and Behavioral Monitoring of Dogs. [Ph.D. Thesis, North Carolina State University]."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiedler, P., Pedrosa, P., Griebel, S., Fonseca, C., Vaz, F., Supriyanto, E., Zanow, F., and Haueisen, J. (2015). Novel multipin electrode cap system for dry electroencephalography. Brain Topogr., 647\u2013656.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-015-0435-5"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"230","article-title":"A real-time QRS detection algorithm","volume":"32","author":"Jiapu","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1097\/00004669-198407000-00002","article-title":"QRS detection by template matching using real-time correlation on a microcomputer","volume":"9","author":"Dobbs","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Clin. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Gao, Z., Kong, F., and Xu, Z. (2011, January 6\u20137). Accurate and rapid QRS detection for intelligent ECG monitor. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA), Shangshai, China."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, T.-Y., Noh, Y.-H., and Jeong, D.-U. (2015, January 24\u201327). Template matching compression algorithm for wearable ECG measurement system based on multi wireless transmission platform. Proceedings of the IEEE 29th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA), Gwangiu, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/WAINA.2015.70"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(97)00145-7","article-title":"Behavioural, saliva cortisol and heart rate responses to different types of stimuli in dogs","volume":"58","author":"Beerda","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/6\/1757\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:06:27Z","timestamp":1760195187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/6\/1757"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,30]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s18061757"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18061757","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,30]]}}}