{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:00:08Z","timestamp":1760241608603,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]],"date-time":"2018-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61425007, 61635007 and 61675137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61425007, 61635007 and 61675137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015B010105007, 2014A030308007 and 2017A010102015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015B010105007, 2014A030308007 and 2017A010102015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Education Department of Guangdong Province","award":["2015KTSCX119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015KTSCX119"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Commission of Shenzhen","award":["JCYJ20160427104925452, JCYJ20160307143716576 and JCYJ20170412105604705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20160427104925452, JCYJ20160307143716576 and JCYJ20170412105604705"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We propose a novel method for generating \u00b11-order orbital angular momentum (OAM) in long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs) by adjusting a polarization controller (PC). An LPFG, inscribed in a four-mode fiber (4MF) using a CO2 laser, was used to generate OAM\u00b11 across a broad range of wavelengths from 1530 nm to 1630 nm. Additionally, the OAM vortex phase remained stable while the temperature increased from 23 \u00b0C to 50 \u00b0C. The LPFG, as a temperature sensor, and its temperature sensitivity was measured to be 38.6 \u00b1 0.37 pm\/\u00b0C at the resonant wavelength of 1625 nm. This design offers simple fabrication and several properties which are highly beneficial for all-fiber optical communications based on the OAM mode-division multiplexing technique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]],"date-time":"2018-06-01T03:02:50Z","timestamp":1527822170000},"page":"1766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Temperature Insensitivity Polarization-Controlled Orbital Angular Momentum Mode Converter Based on an LPFG Induced in Four-Mode Fiber"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Shen","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Cailing","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0915-751X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Ziliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Changrui","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9417-2019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"}]},{"given":"Yiping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8185","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.45.8185","article-title":"Orbital angular momentum of light and the transformation of Laguerre-Gaussian laser modes","volume":"45","author":"Allen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. 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