{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T06:03:10Z","timestamp":1779256990391,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]],"date-time":"2018-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"VSB\u2013Technical University of Ostrava (SGS Grant)","award":["SP2018\/59"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SP2018\/59"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a rigorous analysis of the performance of time-switching energy harvesting strategy that is applied for a half-duplex bidirectional wireless sensor network with intermediate relay over a Rician fading channel is presented to provide the exact-form expressions of the outage probability, achievable throughput and the symbol-error-rate (SER) of the system under the hardware impairment condition. Using the proposed probabilistic models for wireless channels between mobile nodes as well as for the hardware noises, we derive the outage probability of the system, and then the throughput and SER can be obtained as a result. Both exact analysis and asymptotic analysis at high signal-power-to-noise-ratio regime are provided. Monte Carlo simulation is also conducted to verify the analysis. This work confirms the effectiveness of energy harvesting applied in wireless sensor networks over a Rician fading channel, and can provide an insightful understanding about the effect of various parameters on the system performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,4]],"date-time":"2018-06-04T08:59:41Z","timestamp":1528102781000},"page":"1781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Energy Harvesting over Rician Fading Channel: A Performance Analysis for Half-Duplex Bidirectional Sensor Networks under Hardware Impairments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Tan N.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Communications Research Group, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"},{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, V\u0160B-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15\/2172, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tran Hoang","family":"Quang Minh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optoelectronics Research Group, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1448-8882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phuong T.","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Communications Research Group, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5135-7980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miroslav","family":"Voz\u0148\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, V\u0160B-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. 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