{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T02:22:45Z","timestamp":1773886965427,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]],"date-time":"2018-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31671581"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31671581"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Corn stalk lodging is caused by different factors, including severe wind storms, stalk cannibalization, and stalk rots, and it leads to yield loss. Determining how to rapidly evaluate corn lodging resistance will assist scientists in the field of crop breeding to understand the contributing factors in managing the moisture, chemical fertilizer, and weather conditions for corn growing. This study proposes a non-destructive and direction-insensitive method, using a strain sensor and two single axis angle sensors to measure the corn stalk lodging resistance in the field. An equivalent force whose direction is perpendicular to the stalk is utilized to evaluate the corn lodging properties when a pull force is applied on the corn stalk. A novel measurement device is designed to obtain the equivalent force with the coefficient of variation (CV) of 4.85%. Five corn varieties with two different planting densities are arranged to conduct the experiment using the novel measurement device. The experimental results show that the maximum equivalent force could reach up to 44 N. A strong relationship with the square of the correlation coefficient of 0.88 was obtained between the maximum equivalent forces and the corn field\u2019s stalk lodging rates. Moreover, the stalk lodging angles corresponding to the different pull forces over a measurement time of 20 s shift monotonically along the equivalent forces. Thus, the non-destructive and direction-insensitive method is an excellent tool for rapid analysis of stalk lodging resistance in corn, providing critical information on in-situ lodging dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]],"date-time":"2018-06-06T07:38:15Z","timestamp":1528270695000},"page":"1852","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A Non-Destructive and Direction-Insensitive Method Using a Strain Sensor and Two Single Axis Angle Sensors for Evaluating Corn Stalk Lodging Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Qingqian","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collage of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}]},{"given":"Ruipeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collage of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoquan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Institute of Metrology, Zhengzhou 450008, China"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collage of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}]},{"given":"Shun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collage of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}]},{"given":"Liuzheng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collage of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}]},{"given":"Yatao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collage of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}]},{"given":"Jiandong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collage of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci1987.0011183X002700020050x","article-title":"An improved technique for measuring resistance to root pulling in maize","volume":"27","author":"Beck","year":"1987","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1017\/S002185960300354X","article-title":"A comparison of root and stem lodging risks among winter wheat cultivars","volume":"141","author":"Berry","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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