{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T13:32:52Z","timestamp":1776432772372,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,9]],"date-time":"2018-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["304315\/2017-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304315\/2017-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005283","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["no number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no number"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005283","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is an important tool for the analysis of a patient\u2019s physiological conditions, as well a method aiding the diagnosis of cardiopathies. Photoplethysmography (PPG) is an optical technique applied in the monitoring of the HRV and its adoption has been growing significantly, compared to the most commonly used method in medicine, Electrocardiography (ECG). In this survey, definitions of these technique are presented, the different types of sensors used are explained, and the methods for the study and analysis of the PPG signal (linear and nonlinear methods) are described. Moreover, the progress, and the clinical and practical applicability of the PPG technique in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases are evaluated. In addition, the latest technologies utilized in the development of new tools for medical diagnosis are presented, such as Internet of Things, Internet of Health Things, genetic algorithms, artificial intelligence and biosensors which result in personalized advances in e-health and health care. After the study of these technologies, it can be noted that PPG associated with them is an important tool for the diagnosis of some diseases, due to its simplicity, its cost\u2013benefit ratio, the easiness of signals acquisition, and especially because it is a non-invasive technique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,11]],"date-time":"2018-06-11T11:01:01Z","timestamp":1528714861000},"page":"1894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":254,"title":["Advances in Photopletysmography Signal Analysis for Biomedical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8510-0013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jermana L.","family":"Moraes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Instituto Federal de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60040-531, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Matheus X.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Instituto Federal de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60040-531, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Glauber G.","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital de Messejana\u2013Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart\u2013Avenida Frei Cirilo, 3480\u2013Messejana, Fortaleza 60846-190, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 E.","family":"Vasconcelos Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Inform\u00e1tica Aplicada, Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioinform\u00e1tica, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza 60811-905, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3886-4309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Hugo C.","family":"De Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Inform\u00e1tica Aplicada, Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioinform\u00e1tica, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza 60811-905, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6134-5366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Auzuir R.","family":"Alexandria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Instituto Federal de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60040-531, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Controle auton\u00f4mico card\u00edaco durante a execu\u00e7\u00e3o de atividade f\u00edsica din\u00e2mica de baixa intensidade","volume":"13","author":"Paschoal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. 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