{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T20:00:43Z","timestamp":1760385643978,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,13]],"date-time":"2018-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201408080029","201507090066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201408080029","201507090066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Measurement systems for online nondestructive full-field three-dimensional (3D) displacement based on the single-shot and multiplexing techniques attract more and more interest, especially throughout the manufacturing industries. This paper proposes an accurate and easy-to-implement method based on an electronic speckle pattern interferometer (ESPI) with single illumination-detection path to realize the online nondestructive full-field 3D displacement measurement. The simple and compact optical system generates three different sensitivity vectors to enable the evaluation of the three orthogonal displacement components. By applying the spatial carrier phase-shifting technique, the desired information can be obtained in real time. The theoretical analysis and the measurement results have proven the feasibility of this ESPI system and quantified its relative measurement error.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]],"date-time":"2018-06-15T10:15:14Z","timestamp":1529057714000},"page":"1923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Online 3D Displacement Measurement Using Speckle Interferometer with a Single Illumination-Detection Path"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Min","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, Theresienstra\u00dfe 90\/N5, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Shengjia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, Theresienstra\u00dfe 90\/N5, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Bilgeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, Theresienstra\u00dfe 90\/N5, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Xian","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, Theresienstra\u00dfe 90\/N5, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4391-6118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Jakobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, Theresienstra\u00dfe 90\/N5, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Alexander W.","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, Theresienstra\u00dfe 90\/N5, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.3390\/s90100568","article-title":"State-of-the-art and applications of 3D imaging sensors in industry, cultural heritage, medicine, and criminal investigation","volume":"9","author":"Sansoni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s11340-010-9436-1","article-title":"Multiple-camera instrumentation of a single point incremental forming process pilot for shape and 3D displacement measurements: Methodology and results","volume":"51","author":"Orteu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. 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