{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T23:43:53Z","timestamp":1769816633672,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,13]],"date-time":"2018-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2017JBM012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017JBM012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is knotty for current routing protocols to meet the needs of reliable data diffusion during the Internet of Things (IoT) deployments. Due to the random placement, limited resources and unattended features of existing sensor nodes, the wireless transmissions are easily exposed to unauthorized users, which becomes a vulnerable area for various malicious attacks, such as wormhole and Sybil attacks. However, the scheme based on geographic location is a suitable candidate to defend against them. This paper is inspired to propose a smart collaborative routing protocol, Geographic energy aware routing and Inspecting Node (GIN), for guaranteeing the reliability of data exchanging. The proposed protocol integrates the directed diffusion routing, Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR), and the inspecting node mechanism. We first discuss current wireless routing protocols from three diverse perspectives (improving transmission rate, shortening transmission range and reducing transmission consumption). Then, the details of GIN, including the model establishment and implementation processes, are presented by means of the theoretical analysis. Through leveraging the game theory, the inspecting node is elected to monitor the network behaviors. Thirdly, we evaluate the network performances, in terms of transmission delay, packet loss ratio, and throughput, between GIN and three traditional schemes (i.e., Flooding, GPSR, and GEAR). The simulation results illustrate that the proposed protocol is able to outperform the others.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,13]],"date-time":"2018-06-13T10:45:35Z","timestamp":1528886735000},"page":"1926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["A Smart Collaborative Routing Protocol for Reliable Data Diffusion in IoT Scenarios"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Zheng-Yang","family":"Ai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Tong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Education and Economy Research, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1109\/MPOT.2015.2422931","article-title":"IWSN\u2014Standards, Challenges and Future","volume":"35","author":"Salam","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Potentials"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, F., Ai, Z., Li, J., Pau, G., Collotta, M., You, I., and Zhang, H. (2017). Smart Collaborative Caching for Information-Centric IoT in Fog Computing. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112512"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"5313","article-title":"Physical-Layer Security and Reliability Challenges for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"5","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9599","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2706973","article-title":"Research on Trust Sensing Based Secure Routing Mechanism for Wireless Sensor Network","volume":"5","author":"Qin","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Zhang, H., and Jia, C. (2018). Constructing Chaotic Systems from a Class of Switching Systems. Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos, 28.","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218127418500323"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7936","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2700337","article-title":"Smart Collaborative Connection Management for Identifier-Based Network","volume":"5","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2011.6034654","article-title":"Throughput per Pass for Data Aggregation from a Wireless Sensor Network via a UAV","volume":"47","author":"Giorgetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2017.2698457","article-title":"An Efficient Intrusion Detection Approach for Visual Sensor Networks Based on Traffic Pattern Learning","volume":"47","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfranklin.2017.06.003","article-title":"Chaotification of a class of linear switching systems based on a Shilnikov criterion","volume":"354","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Frankl. Inst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, F., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., Zhao, T., You, I., and Zhang, H. (2018). Smart Collaborative Distribution for Privacy Enhancement in Moving Target Defense. Inf. Sci., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2018.06.002"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Kumari, J. (2015, January 11\u201313). A comprehensive survey of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2015 2nd International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), New Delhi, India."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2749883","article-title":"A Survey of Potential Security Issues in Existing Wireless Sensor Network Protocols","volume":"4","author":"McCann","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Int. Things J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6975","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2793841","article-title":"Denial of Service Defence for Resource Availability in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"6","author":"Osanaiye","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishaq, Z., Park, S., and Yoo, Y. (2015, January 7\u201310). A security framework for Cluster-based Wireless Sensor Networks against the selfishness problem. Proceedings of the 2015 Seventh International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks, Sapporo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUFN.2015.7182485"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2011.0696","article-title":"Reliable location-aware routing protocol for mobile wireless sensor network","volume":"6","author":"Karim","year":"2012","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srivastava, J.R., and Sudarshan, T.S.B. (2013, January 22\u201325). ZEEP: Zone based energy efficient routing protocol for mobile sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), Mysore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCI.2013.6637311"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nadeem, Q., Rasheed, M.B., Javaid, N., Khan, Z.A., Maqsood, Y., and Din, A. (2013, January 28\u201330). M-GEAR: Gateway-Based Energy-Aware Multi-hop Routing Protocol for WSNs. Proceedings of the 2013 Eighth International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications, Compiegne, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/BWCCA.2013.35"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ukani, V., and Thacker, D. (2015, January 26\u201328). QoS aware geographic routing protocol for multimedia transmission in wireless sensor network. Proceedings of the 2015 5th Nirma University International Conference on Engineering (NUiCONE), Ahmedabad, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/NUICONE.2015.7449639"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, A., and Gujral, R. (2016, January 11\u201312). Optimized GAF protocol based sleep\/awake protocol for WSN to improve Network Lifetime. Proceedings of the 2016 3rd International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN), Noida, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/SPIN.2016.7566729"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, P.K., Prajapati, A.K., Singh, A., and Singh, R.K. (2016, January 11\u201312). Modified geographical energy-aware routing protocol in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Electrical Electronics & Sustainable Energy Systems (ICETEESES), Sultanpur, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICETEESES.2016.7581386"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Gao, H., and Wu, D. (2016, January 20\u201322). An energy-balanced routing protocol with greedy forwarding for WSNs in cropland. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Electronic Information and Communication Technology (ICEICT), Harbin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEICT.2016.7879641"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalid, M., Ullah, Z., Ahmad, N., Khan, H., Cruickshank, H.S., and Khan, O.U. (2017, January 10). A comparative simulation based analysis of location based routing protocols in underwater wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2017 2nd Workshop on Recent Trends in Telecommunications Research (RTTR), Palmerston North, New Zealand.","DOI":"10.1109\/RTTR.2017.7887876"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Guo, J., and Yao, Y. (2017, January 18\u201321). Speed Up-Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks (SU-GPSR). Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 18th International Conference on High Performance Switching and Routing (HPSR), Campinas, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/HPSR.2017.7968691"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, R., and Saxena, S. (2015, January 1\u20132). Improved Leach Routing Protocol with Soft Computing. Proceedings of the 2015 Second International Conference on Advances in Computing and Communication Engineering, Dehradun, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCE.2015.63"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joshi, J., Awasthi, P., Mukherjee, S., Kumar, R., Kurian, D.S., and Deka, M.J. (2016, January 25\u201327). SEED: Secure and energy efficient data transmission in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2016 4th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology (ICoICT), Bandung, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICoICT.2016.7571961"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fawzy, A.E., Amer, A., Shokair, M., and Saad, W. (2016, January 20\u201321). Four-layer routing protocol with Location based Topology Control of active nodes in WSN. Proceedings of the 2016 11th International Conference on Computer Engineering & Systems (ICCES), Cairo, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCES.2016.7821977"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4298","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2666082","article-title":"A Survey on Successors of LEACH Protocol","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alnawafa, E., and Marghescu, I. (2017, January 4\u20136). IMHT: Improved MHT-LEACH protocol for wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2017 8th International Conference on Information and Communication Systems (ICICS), Irbid, Jordan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IACS.2017.7921979"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birajdar, D.M., and Solapure, S.S. (2017, January 10\u201311). LEACH: An energy efficient routing protocol using Omnet++ for Wireless Sensor Network. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Inventive Communication and Computational Technologies (ICICCT), Coimbatore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICCT.2017.7975241"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zrelli, A., and Ezzedine, T. (2017, January 7\u20139). Evaluation of CTP and LEACH protocols for structural health monitoring systems. Proceedings of the 2017 13th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Computer Communication and Processing (ICCP), Cluj-Napoca, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCP.2017.8117041"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Das, A., and Astya, P.N. (2017, January 5\u20136). A relative survey of various LEACH based routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation (ICCCA), Greater Noida, India."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaddi, M., Benahmed, K., and Omari, M. (2017, January 4\u20135). LEACH-KANG: A new routing protocol for WSN based on leach protocol and Kangaroo method. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Mathematics and Information Technology (ICMIT), Adrar, Algeria.","DOI":"10.1109\/MATHIT.2017.8259729"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajput, M., Sharma, S.K., and Khatri, P. (2017, January 17\u201319). Performance analysis of leach based approaches for large area coverage in wireless sensor network. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Information, Communication, Instrumentation and Control (ICICIC), Indore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOMICON.2017.8279162"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abushiba, W., Johnson, P., Alharthi, S., and Wright, C. (2017, January 27\u201328). An energy efficient and adaptive clustering for wireless sensor network (CH-leach) using leach protocol. Proceedings of the 2017 13th International Computer Engineering Conference (ICENCO), Cairo, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICENCO.2017.8289762"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yassein, M.B., Aljawarneh, S., and Al-huthaifi, R.K. (2017, January 21\u201323). Enhancements of LEACH protocol: Security and open issues. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Engineering and Technology (ICET), Antalya, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEngTechnol.2017.8308164"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com:20070424","article-title":"REEP: Data-centric, energy-efficient and reliable routing protocol for wireless sensor networks","volume":"2","author":"Zabin","year":"2008","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehena, Z., Roy, S., and Mukherjee, N. (2011, January 4\u20138). A modified SPIN for wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2011 Third International Conference on Communication Systems and Networks (COMSNETS 2011), Bangalore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMSNETS.2011.5716469"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Bendary, N., Soliman, O.S., Ghali, N.I., Hassanien, A.E., Palade, V., and Liu, H. (2011, January 21\u201323). A secure directed diffusion routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Next Generation Information Technology, Gyeongju, Korea.","DOI":"10.1145\/2107581.2107587"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, K., and Gregory, M.A. (2012, January 7\u20139). Wireless Sensor Network Data Centric Storage routing using Castalia. Proceedings of the Australasian Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ATNAC) 2012, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ATNAC.2012.6398058"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soni, H., Tripathi, P., and Bhadoria, R.S. (2013, January 27\u201329). An Investigation on Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network. Proceedings of the 2013 5th International Conference and Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks, Mathura, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/CICN.2013.40"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grover, J., Sharma, M. (2014, January 8\u201310). Reliable SPIN in Wireless Sensor Network. Proceedings of the Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization, Noida, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRITO.2014.7014694"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutta, R., Gupta, S., and Paul, D. (2014, January 11\u201313). Energy efficient modified SPIN protocol with high security in Wireless Sensor Networks using TOSSIM. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing, Solan, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/PDGC.2014.7030758"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, V., and Khan, N.A. (2014, January 8\u20139). Simulation analysis of directed diffusion and SPIN routing protocol in wireless sensor network. Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on IT in Business, Industry and Government (CSIBIG), Indore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSIBIG.2014.7056990"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chauhan, D., Asthana, R., Gupta, V., and Kumar, R. (2015, January 8\u201310). SPIN based Hybrid Multi Hop Clustering Scheme. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Green Computing and Internet of Things (ICGCIoT), Noida, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICGCIoT.2015.7380688"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samaras, N.S., and Triantari, F.S. (2016, January 3\u20134). On Direct Diffusion Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2016 Advances in Wireless and Optical Communications (RTUWO), Riga, Latvia.","DOI":"10.1109\/RTUWO.2016.7821862"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashish, A., Desai, A., and Sakadasariya, A. (2017, January 11\u201312). A review on energy efficient data centric routing protocol for WSN. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICEI), Tirunelveli, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOEI.2017.8300963"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anbuchelian, S., Lokesh, S., and Baskaran, M. (2016, January 15\u201317). Improving security in Wireless Sensor Network using trust and metaheuristic algorithms. Proceedings of the 2016 3rd International Conference on Computer and Information Sciences (ICCOINS), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCOINS.2016.7783220"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, M., Panigrahi, C.R., Sarkar, J.L., and Pati, B. (2015, January 17\u201319). GECSA: A game theory based energy efficient cluster-head selection approach in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Man and Machine Interfacing (MAMI), Bhubaneswar, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/MAMI.2015.7456580"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attiah, A., Chatterjee, M., and Zou, C.C. (2017, January 19\u201322). A Game Theoretic Approach for Energy-Efficient Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2017.7925668"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/6\/1926\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:08:33Z","timestamp":1760195313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/6\/1926"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,13]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s18061926"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18061926","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,13]]}}}