{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:00:12Z","timestamp":1777489212748,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]],"date-time":"2018-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003200","name":"MOSTI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Science Fund Project (03-01-04-SF2160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Science Fund Project (03-01-04-SF2160"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Newton Ungku Omar Fund","award":["Newton Ungku Omar Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Newton Ungku Omar Fund"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Deanship of Scientific Research"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Deanship of Scientific Research"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present study, a beneficial approach for the ultrasensitive and affordable naked eye detection and diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) by utilizing plasmonic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) via antibody-antigen interaction was studied. Here, the biocatalytic cycle of the intracellular enzymes links to the formation and successive growth of the gold nanoparticles (GNPs) for ultrasensitive detection. The formation of different colored solutions by the plasmonic nanoparticles in the presence of enzyme labels links directly to the existence or non-existence of the TB analytes in the sample solutions. For disease detection, the adapted protocol is based mainly on the conventional ELISA procedure that involves catalase-labeled antibodies, i.e., the enzymes consume hydrogen peroxide and further produce GNPs with the addition of gold (III) chloride. The amount of hydrogen peroxide remaining in the solution determines whether the GNPs solution is to be formed in the color blue or the color red, as it serves as a confirmation for the naked eye detection of TB analytes. However, the conventional ELISA method only shows tonal colors that need a high concentration of analyte to achieve high confidence levels for naked eye detection. Also, in this research, we proposed the incorporation of protein biomarker, Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT-6-like protein esxB (CFP-10), as a means of TB detection using plasmonic ELISA. With the use of this technique, the CFP-10 detection limit can be lowered to 0.01 \u00b5g\/mL by the naked eye. Further, our developed technique was successfully tested and confirmed with sputum samples from patients diagnosed with positive TB, thereby providing enough evidence for the utilization of our technique in the early diagnosis of TB disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]],"date-time":"2018-06-14T11:06:06Z","timestamp":1528974366000},"page":"1932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Immuno Nanosensor for the Ultrasensitive Naked Eye Detection of Tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Noremylia","family":"Mohd Bakhori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nor","family":"Yusof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9686-4804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaafar","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helmi","family":"Wasoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecule Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siti","family":"Md Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nurul","family":"Ahmad Raston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9318-9986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faruq","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surfactant Research Chair, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.16.0241","article-title":"Policies and practices on the programmatic management of latent tuberculous infection: Global survey","volume":"20","author":"Hamada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2013.02.005","article-title":"Drug resistance in pulmonary tuberculosis in new and previously treated cases: Experience from Turkey","volume":"6","author":"Komurcuoglu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70070-2","article-title":"Infection control in the management of highly pathogenic infectious diseases: Consensus of the european network of infectious disease","volume":"9","author":"Brouqui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19523-7","article-title":"Changes in cytokine responses to TB antigens ESAT-6, CFP-10 and TB 7.7 and infammatory markers in peripheral blood during therapy","volume":"8","author":"Leem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.03.089","article-title":"The Ag85B protein of the BCG vaccine facilitates macrophage uptake but is dispensable for protection against aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"34","author":"Prendergast","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.11.098","article-title":"Electrochemical biosensor for Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA detection based on gold nanotubes array electrode platform","volume":"78","author":"Torati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.12.3270-3274.1993","article-title":"Detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical specimens by polymerase chain reaction and gen-probe amplified mycobacterium tuberculosis direct test","volume":"31","author":"Abe","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"45","article-title":"Recent advances in diagnosis of tuberculosis","volume":"4","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70578-3","article-title":"Fluorescence versus conventional sputum smear microscopy for tuberculosis: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Steingart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12348","article-title":"The role of latex agglutination test for the etiological diagnosis of pleural effusion in children and adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Camargos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2011.11.012","article-title":"Development of an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using monoclonal antibodies for detecting H6 avian influenza viruses","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shekar, S., Yeo, Z.X., Wong, J.C.L., Chan, M.K.L., Ong, D.C.T., Tongyoo, P., Wong, S.Y., and Lee, A.S.G. (2014). Detecting novel genetic variants associated with isoniazid-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102383"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.194.Supp.207.10","article-title":"RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization and flow cytometry (FISH-Flow) detects antigen-specific T cell responses associated with latent tuberculosis infection (TECH3P.940)","volume":"194","author":"Vir","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.11.061","article-title":"A new lateral flow strip assay (LFSA) using a pair of aptamers for the detection of Vaspin","volume":"93","author":"Raston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.322","article-title":"Rapid detection of bovine adipose tissue using lateral flow strip assay","volume":"4","author":"Hsieh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85440","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA16750K","article-title":"Plasmonic-ELISA: Expanding horizons","volume":"6","author":"Jitendra","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2017.1308825","article-title":"Nanodiagnostics for tuberculosis detection","volume":"17","author":"Althani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Expert Rev. Mol. Diag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.7b00450","article-title":"Diagnosis of tuberculosis using colorimetric gold nanoparticles on a paper-based analytical device","volume":"2","author":"Tsai","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.03.007","article-title":"Plasmonic ELISA for the ultrasensitive detection of Treponema pallidum","volume":"58","author":"Nie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/6\/1932\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:08:38Z","timestamp":1760195318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/6\/1932"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s18061932"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18061932","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]]}}}