{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T11:16:26Z","timestamp":1772190986768,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,19]],"date-time":"2018-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51678156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51678156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensing technique is suitable for a wide variety of measurements, including temperature, pressure, acceleration, liquid level, etc., and has been applied to many bridges and buildings in the past two decades. The fact that the FBG technique can only monitor and measure strain data for most cases when it is used for deformation measurements impedes application of the FBG sensing technique in civil infrastructures. This paper proposes FBG sensing-based deformation monitoring methods that are applicable to monitoring beam deflection, column inclination angle and mortise-tenon joint dislocation for Chinese traditional timber structures. On the basis of improved conjugated beam theory and geometrical trigonometric function relationship, the relationships between the FBG sensing strain values and the deflection of beam, inclination angle of column, as well as the amount of dislocation of mortise-tenon joint are deducted for Chinese traditional buildings. A series of experiments were conducted to verify the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed deformation monitoring methods. The results show that a good agreement is obtained between the values given by the methods proposed in this paper and other methods. This implies that the proposed deformation monitoring methods are applicable and effective in the health monitoring of Chinese traditional timber structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,19]],"date-time":"2018-06-19T11:20:36Z","timestamp":1529407236000},"page":"1968","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Deformation Monitoring for Chinese Traditional Timber Buildings Using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ni-Lei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2149-9296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shao-Fei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming-Hao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Architecture, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"Monolithic stability analysis of timber frame in historical buildings","volume":"24","author":"Kan","year":"2008","journal-title":"World Earthqu. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s13349-013-0065-0","article-title":"Structural health monitoring of the Roman Arena of Verona","volume":"3","author":"Lorenzoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Civ. Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Min, K.W., Kim, J., Park, S.A., and Park, C. (2013). Ambient vibration testing for story stiffness estimation of a heritage timber building. Sci. World J., 206\u2013232.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/198483"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Wu, M.H. (2017). Study on Monitoring Technique and Damage Evolution Method of Ancient Timber Structure Considering the Long-Term Environment Effect and Seismic Effect. [Ph.D. Thesis, Fuzhou University]."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:11(1358)","article-title":"Ancient Chinese timber architecture. II: dynamic characteristics","volume":"127","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02484167","article-title":"Computational method for predicting the long-term performance of timber beams in variable climates","volume":"33","author":"Hanhifirvi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2013.10.005","article-title":"Experimental investigation on flexural behavior of timber beams repaired with CFRP plates","volume":"108","author":"Risia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Liang, T., Wang, Y.W., and Ni, T.Z. (1992). GB\/50165-1992. Technical Specification for Maintenance and Reinforcement of Ancient Buildings, China Standard Press."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, M., Li, W., Wang, J., Wang, N., Chen, X., and Song, G. (2018). Development of a novel guided wave generation system using a giant magnetostrictive actuator for nondestructive evaluation. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030779"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, G., Feng, Q., Li, Y., Wang, H., and Song, G. (2017). Characterization of ultrasound energy diffusion due to small-size damage on an aluminum plate using piezoceramic transducers. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122796"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065020","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aa6ec2","article-title":"Fiber bragg grating based arterial localization device","volume":"26","author":"Ho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, B., Kong, Q., Qian, H., Patil, D., Lim, I., Li, M., Liu, D., and Song, G. (2018). Study of impact damage in PVA-ECC beam under low-velocity impact loading using piezoceramic transducers and PVDF thin-film transducers. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020671"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104006","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aa765e","article-title":"Real-time fast ultrasonic monitoring of concrete cracking using embedded piezoelectric transducers","volume":"26","author":"Dumoulin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, G., Li, W., Wang, B., and Ho, S.C.M. (2017). A review of rock bolt monitoring using smart sensors. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040776"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921716665563","article-title":"Assessment of embedded Fiber Bragg Gratings for structural health monitoring of composites","volume":"16","author":"Todd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Xu, C., Ho, S.C.M., Wang, B., and Song, G. (2017). Monitoring concrete deterioration due to reinforcement corrosion by integrating acoustic emission and FBG strain measurements. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030657"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, J., Xu, F., Qian, G., Liu, S., Jin, W., and Xu, Y. (2016). A monitoring method based on FBG for concrete corrosion cracking. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16071093"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"198","article-title":"Deformation monitoring method of ancient wooden beam based on FBG strain measurement","volume":"36","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earthqu. Eng. Eng. Vibr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.123","article-title":"In-situ assessment of timber structural members: Combining information from visual strength grading and NDT\/SDT methods\u2014A review","volume":"101","author":"Feio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2004.05.018","article-title":"Recent applications of fiber optic sensors to health monitoring in civil engineering","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsili, R., Rossi, G., and Speranzini, E. (2018). Fibre Bragg Gratings for the monitoring of wooden structures. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11010007"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"100","article-title":"Structural health monitoring system for heritage buildings","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Beijing Jiaotong Univ."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"63","article-title":"Research on Monitoring Deformation Distribution of Structure by Improved Conjugate Beam Method Based on Distributed Optical Fiber Strain Sensing Technology","volume":"43","author":"Shen","year":"2010","journal-title":"China Civ. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Sun, X.F., Fang, X.S., Guan, L.T., Hu, Z.Q., Guo, L., and Jiang, X.Y. (2012). Material Mechanics I, Higher Education Press. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Li, J. (1933). Chinese Ancient Building Method, Commercial Press."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Wang, T. (1992). Research on the Static Performance of Chinese Ancient Wood Frames, Heritage Press."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Wu, M.H., Tang, W.J., and Jiang, S.F. (2018). Deformation Monitoring Strategy of Ancient Built Wood Structure Based on Distributed Optical Fiber Technology. J. Fuzhou Univ., (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"457","article-title":"Conceptual design thoughts of Chinese ancient timber buildings","volume":"43","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Xi\u2019an Univ. Archit. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921706072078","article-title":"Development of Distributed Long-gauge Fiber Optic Sensing System for Structural Health Monitoring","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Ren, L. (2008). Application of Fiber Grating Sensing Technology in Structural Health Monitoring. [Ph.D. Thesis, Dalian University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2018, June 05). YHD-Displacement Sensor YDH DC Displacement Sensor. Available online: https:\/\/wenku.baidu.com\/view\/aff51c3a83c4bb4cf7ecd160.html."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/6\/1968\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:09:18Z","timestamp":1760195358000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/6\/1968"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,19]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s18061968"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18061968","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,19]]}}}