{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T06:15:52Z","timestamp":1779948952868,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,21]],"date-time":"2018-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traffic accidents have become an important problem for governments, researchers and vehicle manufacturers over the last few decades. However, accidents are unfortunate and frequently occur on the road and cause death, damage to infrastructure, and health injuries. Therefore, there is a need to develop a protocol to avoid or prevent traffic accidents at the extreme level in order to reduce human loss. The aim of this research is to develop a new protocol, named as the Traffic Accidents Reduction Strategy (TARS), for Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANETs) to minimize the number of road accidents, decrease the death rate caused by road accidents, and for the successful deployment of the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). We have run multiple simulations and the results showed that our proposed scheme has outperformed DBSR and POVRP routing protocols in terms of the Message Delivery Ratio (MDR), Message Loss Ratio (MLR), Average Delay, and Basic Safety Message.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18071983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,22]],"date-time":"2018-06-22T02:46:21Z","timestamp":1529635581000},"page":"1983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Smart Road Traffic Accidents Reduction Strategy Based on Intelligent Transportation Systems (TARS)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3287-5357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Aldegheishem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Traffic Safety Technologies Chair, Urban Planning Department, College of Architecture and Planning, King Saud University, Riyadh 11574, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humera","family":"Yasmeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafsa","family":"Maryam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4037-3405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munam Ali","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3941-4617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amjad","family":"Mehmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of IT, Kohat University of Science &amp; Technology, Kohat KP 26000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabil","family":"Alrajeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11633, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2631-9223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Houbing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Computer, Software, and Systems Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010). World Health Statistics 2010 Indicator Compendium Interim Version, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218379","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/218379","article-title":"Emergency Situation Prediction Mechanism: A Novel Approach for Intelligent Transportation System Using Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"2015","author":"Ganeshkumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2013). Global Status Report on Road Safety 2013, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Peden, M., McGee, K., and Sharma, G. (2002). The Injury Chart Book: A Graphical Overview of the Global Burden of Injuries, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Peden, M., Scurfield, R., Sleet, D., Mohan, D., Hyder, A.A., Jarawan, E., and Mathers, C. (2004). World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2015.4.10003","article-title":"Road safety and road traffic accidents in Saudi Arabia: A systematic review of existing evidence","volume":"36","author":"Mansuri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"43","article-title":"Estimation of Socio-Economic Cost of Road Accidents in Saudi Arabia: Willingness-To-Pay Approach (WTP)","volume":"5","author":"Mohamed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Manag. Appl. Econ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/17457300.2013.833943","article-title":"How can Saudi Arabia use the Decade of Action for Road Safety to catalyse road traffic injury prevention policy and interventions?","volume":"21","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Inj. Control Saf. Promot."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2016.00215","article-title":"Road Traffic Injury as a Major Public Health Issue in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Review","volume":"4","author":"DeNicola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Wenger, J. (November, January 30). Automotive Radar\u2014Status and Perspectives. Proceedings of the Compound Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Symposium, Palm Springs, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Spacey, J. (Simplicable, 2016). Active Safety vs. Passive Safety, Simplicable."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbasi, H.I., Voicu, R.C., Copeland, J.A., and Chang, Y. (2017, January 26\u201330). Cooperative BSM architecture to improve transportation safety in VANETs. Proceedings of the 13th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference, Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2017.7986425"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sommer, C., and Dressler, F. (2015). Vehicular Networking, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107110649"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, D., and Delgrossi, L. (2008, January 11\u201314). IEEE 802.11p: Towards an international standard for wireless access in vehicular environments. Proceedings of the 2008 Vehicular Technology Conference, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2008.458"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Souza, A.M., Brennand, C.A., Yokoyama, R.S., Donato, E.A., Madeira, E.R., and Villas, L.A. (2017). Traffic management systems: A classification, review, challenges, and future perspectives. Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw., 13.","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147716683612"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Lozano, E., Barba, C.T., Igartua, M.A., and Campo, C. (2013, January 17\u201319). A distributed, bandwidth-efficient accident prevention system for interurban VANETs. Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Smart Communications in Network Technologies (SaCoNeT), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/SaCoNeT.2013.6654564"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gokulakrishnan, P., and Ganeshkumar, P. (2015). Road Accident Prevention with Instant Emergency Warning Message Dissemination in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143383"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232916","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/232916","article-title":"An Efficient Emergency Message Broadcasting Scheme in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"11","author":"Dawood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Benslimane, A. (July, January 30). Optimized Dissemination of Alarm Messages in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANET). Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Conference on High Speed Networks and Multimedia Communications, Toulouse, France."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, A., and Chakraborty, J. (2015, January 14\u201315). Communication based accident avoidance and congestion control mechanism in VANETs. Proceedings of the 2015 International Symposium on Advanced Computing and Communication (ISACC), Silchar, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISACC.2015.7377363"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"3624","article-title":"Distance Based Accident Prevention in Intersection Using Vanet","volume":"2","author":"Kumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Res. Comput. Commun. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"2001","article-title":"Review on Intelligent Traffic Management System Based on VANET","volume":"3","author":"Kshirsagar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Res. Comput. Commun. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"2319","article-title":"An Intelligent Traffic Management and Accident Prevention System based on VANET","volume":"14","author":"Kshirsagar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Nzouonta, J., and Borcea, C. (2006). STEID: A Protocol for Emergency Information Dissemination in Vehicular Networks *, Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology. Report."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, X., and Chen, X. (2007, January 11). Delay and Broadcast Reception Rates of Highway Safety Applications in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the 2007 Mobile Networking for Vehicular Environments, Anchorage, AK, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MOVE.2007.4300809"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuribayashi, S., Sakumoto, Y., Ohsaki, H., Hasegawa, S., and Imase, M. (2011, January 18\u201321). Performance Evaluation of Epidemic Broadcast with Directional Antennas in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE\/IPSJ 11th International Symposium on Applications and the Internet (SAINT), Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAINT.2011.49"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Inter-Vehicular Collision Detection and Avoidance using Ad-hoc Network","volume":"2","author":"Devdhara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Emerg. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"295","article-title":"Prediction of Vehicle Collision Probablity at Intersection using V2V Communication","volume":"6","author":"Raut","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"247","article-title":"Accident Avoidance and Detection on Highways","volume":"3","author":"Bhumkar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Trends Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3609","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2009.2014455","article-title":"VANET Routing on City Roads Using Real-Time Vehicular Traffic Information","volume":"58","author":"Nzouonta","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"74","article-title":"Traffic Congestion Detection by Using VANET to Improve Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)","volume":"5","author":"Manoj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Netw. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"2321","article-title":"Traffic Congestion Detection and Avoidance in VANET","volume":"2","author":"Khatri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-010-9408-x","article-title":"SafeAnon: A safe location privacy scheme for vehicular networks","volume":"50","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Telecommun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-016-0461-4","article-title":"TAPCS: Traffic-aware pseudonym changing strategy for VANETs","volume":"10","author":"Boualouache","year":"2017","journal-title":"Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Krajzewicz, D., Hertkorn, G., R\u00f6ssel, C., and Wagner, P. Sumo (simulation of urban mobility)-an open-source traffic simulation. Proceedings of the 4th Middle East Symposium on Simulation and Modelling (MESM20002), Sharjah, UAE."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Issariyakul, T., and Hossain, E. (2011). Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1406-3"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245439","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/245439","article-title":"Distance-Based Stable Routing Decision Scheme in Urban Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"11","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Jung, S.-D. (2011). A Position-Based on-Demand Routing Protocol in VANET. [Ph.D. Thesis, Hanyang University]."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mughal, B.M., Wagan, A.A., and Hasbullah, H. (2011). Impact of Safety Beacons on the Performance of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-22203-0_33"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anyameluhor, N., Peytchev, E., Akhlaghinia, J., Lane, C., and Kingdom, U. (2017, January 23\u201326). Improving Message Delivery In Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the 31st European Conference on Modelling and Simulation ECMS 2017, Budapest, Hungary.","DOI":"10.7148\/2017-0555"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"73","article-title":"Reliable broadcast of safety messages in VANET","volume":"3","author":"Kalpande","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Advent Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.07.410","article-title":"Performance Evaluation of Data Delivery Mechanism for CognitiveRadio Vehicular and Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks","volume":"57","author":"Garg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wahid, A., Shah, M.A., Qureshi, F.F., Maryam, H., Iqbal, R., and Chang, V. (2017). Big data analytics for mitigating broadcast storm in Vehicular Content Centric networks. Future Gener. Comput. Syst.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.10.005"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbasi, I.A. (2018). Dynamic Multiple Junction Selection Based Routing Protocol for VANETs in City Environment. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8050687"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.06.024","article-title":"Traffic Analysis of Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks of V2I Communication","volume":"54","author":"Paul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/7\/1983\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:09:36Z","timestamp":1760195376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/7\/1983"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,21]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s18071983"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18071983","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,21]]}}}