{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T14:00:53Z","timestamp":1760709653399,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]],"date-time":"2018-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the charge-coupled device (CCD) and micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) accelerometer based low-cost multi-loop optoelectronic control system (OCS), due to accelerometers\u2019 drift and noise in low frequency, the disturbance suppression (DS) is insufficient. Previously, based on the acceleration and position dual-loop control (ADLC), researchers combined a disturbance observer (DOB) with a virtual velocity loop to make some medium-frequency DS exchange for low-frequency performance. However, it is not optimal because the classic DOB based on accelerometers\u2019 inaccurate signals cannot observe accurate disturbance in low frequency and the velocity based on a CCD and accelerometer time-domain fusion carried the CCD\u2019s delay, resulting in the drop of medium-frequency DS. In this paper, considering the CCD\u2019s advantage in low frequency and the accelerometer\u2019s strength in high frequency, we propose to fuse their signals twice with a modified complementary filter method to respectively acquire an acceleration and velocity. The new acceleration with no drift and less noise but lower bandwidth creates a new acceleration model and is only used in fusion DOB (FDOB), while the velocity with little delay is to build an additional velocity loop. Compared with the traditional DOB enhanced by the time-domain fusion velocity loop, experiments verify that the proposed multiple fusion would apparently enhance the system\u2019s DS, especially in low and medium frequency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]],"date-time":"2018-07-04T12:23:02Z","timestamp":1530706982000},"page":"2153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Multiple Fusion Based on the CCD and MEMS Accelerometer for the Low-Cost Multi-Loop Optoelectronic System Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9753-8063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1785-2018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China"}]},{"given":"Yongmei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cochran, R.W., and Vassar, R.H. 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