{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T13:49:53Z","timestamp":1762004993846,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,6]],"date-time":"2018-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of Korean government","award":["17RTRP-B065581-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17RTRP-B065581-05"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002460","name":"Chung-Ang University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CAYSS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAYSS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002460","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dynamic deflection of a railroad sleeper works as an indicator of ballast stiffness, reflecting the health conditions of a ballast track. However, difficulty exists in measuring dynamic deflection of a railroad sleeper by conventional deflection transducers such as a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) or a potentiometer. This is because a fixed reference point is unattainable due to ground vibrations during train passage. In this paper, a patented signal processing technique for evaluation of pseudo-deflection is presented to recover dynamic deflection of a railroad sleeper using a coupled measurement of acceleration and strain at the concrete sleeper. The presented technique combines high-frequency deflections calculated from double integration of acceleration and low-frequency deflections determined from strains. Validity of the combined deflections was shown by the deflections measured with a camera target on a concrete sleeper, captured by a high-resolution DSLR camera with superb video capturing features and processed by computer vision techniques, such as Canny edge detection and Blob analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,6]],"date-time":"2018-07-06T10:55:44Z","timestamp":1530874544000},"page":"2182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Dynamic Deflection of a Railroad Sleeper from the Coupled Measurements of Acceleration and Strain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sung-Ho","family":"Joh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Magno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung Ho","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Railroad Civil Engineering Division, Korean Research Railroad Institute, Gyeonggi-do 16105, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1351","article-title":"Alleviation of numerical instability in geophone-based measurement of track vibrations by utilizing a priori information","volume":"5","author":"Joh","year":"2014","journal-title":"KSCE"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1243\/0954409JRRT51","article-title":"Monitoring the dynamics displacements of railway track","volume":"22","author":"Bowness","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. 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