{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:31:23Z","timestamp":1780500683911,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,7]],"date-time":"2018-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61501374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61501374"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NSFC-Zhejiang Joint Fund for the Integration of Industrialization and Information","award":["U1609204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1609204"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper addresses the problem of localization accuracy degradation caused by outliers of the angle of arrival (AOA). The problem of outlier detection of the AOA is converted into the detection of the estimated source position sets, which are obtained by the proposed division and greedy replacement method. The Mahalanobis distance based on robust mean and covariance matrix estimation method is then introduced to identify the outliers from the position sets. Finally, the weighted least squares method based on the reliable probabilities and distances is proposed for source localization. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms representative methods when unreliable AOAs are present.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,9]],"date-time":"2018-07-09T11:18:53Z","timestamp":1531135133000},"page":"2186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["An Outlier Detection Method Based on Mahalanobis Distance for Source Localization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Qingli","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"KU Leuven, ESAT-DRAMCO, Ghent Technology Campus, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lieven","family":"De Strycker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, ESAT-DRAMCO, Ghent Technology Campus, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-011-9564-7","article-title":"Localization algorithms of wireless sensor networks: A survey","volume":"52","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"Telecommun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fresno, J.M., Robles, G., Mart\u00ednez-Tarifa, J.M., and Stewart, B.G. (2017). Survey on the performance of source localization algorithms. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112666"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cobos, M., Antonacci, F., Alexandridis, A., Mouchtaris, A., and Lee, B. (2017). A survey of sound source localization methods in wireless acoustic sensor networks. Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3956282"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Koks, D. (2001). Passive Geolocation for Multiple Receivers with No Initial State Estimate, Defence Science & Technology Organization. No. DSTO RR-0222."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2005.1458275","article-title":"Network-Based wireless location: Challenges faced in developing techniques for accurate wireless location information","volume":"22","author":"Sayed","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Lee, W.C. (2010). Uncertainty in Wireless Sensor Networks, Workshop on AFRL."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, Q., Chen, J., Ottoy, G., Cox, B., and De Strycker, L. (2018, January 12\u201314). An accurate AOA localization method based on unreliable sensor detection. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS), Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAS.2018.8336730"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2018.05.010","article-title":"Robust AOA based acoustic source localization method with unreliable measurements","volume":"152","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2008.924975","article-title":"Statistical NLOS identification based on AOA, TOA, and signal strength","volume":"58","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gim\u00e9nez Febrer, P.J., Silva Pereira, S., and L\u00f3pez Valcarce, R. (2014, January 19\u201324). Distributed AOA-based source positioning in NLOS with sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Brisbane, QLD, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2015.7178561"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffin, A., and Mouchtaris, A. (2013, January 20\u201323). Localizing multiple audio sources from DOA estimates in a wireless acoustic sensor network. Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics (WASPAA), New Paltz, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WASPAA.2013.6701872"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Do, H., and Silverman, H. (2007, January 21\u201324). A fast microphone array srp-Phat source location implementation using Coarse-To-Fine Region Contraction (CFRC). Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics (WASPAA), New Paltz, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ASPAA.2007.4392976"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1109\/78.149999","article-title":"Robust maximum likelihood bearing estimation in contaminated Gaussian noise","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1109\/78.668808","article-title":"Robust direction-of-arrival estimation in non-Gaussian noise","volume":"46","author":"Yardimci","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2016.05.027","article-title":"Direction-of-arrival estimation in a mixture of K-Distributed and Gaussian noise","volume":"128","author":"Besson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7439(99)00047-7","article-title":"The mahalanobis distance","volume":"50","author":"Massart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bishop, A.N., Fidan, B., Anderson, B.D., Pathirana, P.N., and Dogancay, K. (2007, January 3\u20136). Optimality analysis of sensor node-Target geometries in passive localization: Part 1-Bearing-Only localization. Proceedings of the 2007 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Sensors Sensor Networks and Information Processing (ISSNIP), Melbourne, VIC, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSNIP.2007.4496811"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2307\/2528963","article-title":"Robust estimates, residuals, and outlier detection with multiresponse data","volume":"28","author":"Gnanadesikan","year":"1972","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1198\/004017002188618509","article-title":"Robust estimates of location and dispersion for high-dimensional datasets","volume":"44","author":"Maronna","year":"2002","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1080\/03610928308831068","article-title":"Transformation of nonpositive semidefinite correlation matrices","volume":"22","author":"Rousseeuw","year":"1993","journal-title":"Commun. Stat. Theory Methods"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Marcus, M., and Minc, H. (1992). A Survey of Matrix Theory and Matrix Inequalities, Courier Corporation."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rousseeuw, P.J., and Hubert, M. (2011). Robust statistics for outlier detection. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.2"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1999.10485670","article-title":"A fast algorithm for the minimum covariance determinant estimator","volume":"41","author":"Rousseeuw","year":"1999","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1976.1162830","article-title":"The generalized correlation method for estimation of time delay","volume":"24","author":"Knapp","year":"1976","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/7\/2186\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:11:37Z","timestamp":1760195497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/7\/2186"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,7]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s18072186"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18072186","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,7]]}}}