{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:00:53Z","timestamp":1760241653373,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]],"date-time":"2018-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry","award":["DPI2016-78290-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPI2016-78290-R"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The malaxing of olive paste is one of the most important sub-processes in the virgin olive oil production process. The master continuously supervises the olive paste inside the themomixer to assess the preparation state of the olive paste and he acts manually over the process variables. The viscosity, granularity, and the presence of olive oil over the paste are the main indicators of the olive paste state. Furthermore, the temperature, time, coadjuvant addition and the shovel speeds are the process variables in the thermomixer. In this work, different image-processing parameters have been proposed to automatically assess the aforementioned indicators and they have been used as inputs in the designed fuzzy controller. Also, the outputs of this controller have been evaluated according to a sequence of images obtained inside the thermomixer and during the malaxing process in a real olive mill.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]],"date-time":"2018-07-11T03:24:19Z","timestamp":1531279459000},"page":"2227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Expert System for Monitoring the Malaxing State of the Olive Paste Based on Computer Vision \u2020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4150-5967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego M.","family":"Mart\u00ednez Gila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Robotics, Automation and Computer Vision Group, Electronic and Automation Engineering Department, University of Jaen, ES-23071 Jaen, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Cano Marchal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robotics, Automation and Computer Vision Group, Electronic and Automation Engineering Department, University of Jaen, ES-23071 Jaen, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"G\u00f3mez Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robotics, Automation and Computer Vision Group, Electronic and Automation Engineering Department, University of Jaen, ES-23071 Jaen, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"G\u00e1mez Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robotics, Automation and Computer Vision Group, Electronic and Automation Engineering Department, University of Jaen, ES-23071 Jaen, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2011.11.004","article-title":"Malaxation: Influence on virgin olive oil quality. Past, present and future\u2014An overview","volume":"25","author":"Clodoveo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fss.2005.12.013","article-title":"Fuzzy concepts applied to food product quality control: A review","volume":"157","author":"Perrot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchal, P.C., Gila, D.M., Garcia, J.G., and Ortega, J.G. (2013, January 13\u201316). Fuzzy Decision Support System for the Determination of the Set Points of Relevant Variables in the Virgin Olive Oil Elaboration Process. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Manchester, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2013.595"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2012.06.011","article-title":"Fuzzy logic control and soft sensing applications in food and beverage processes","volume":"29","author":"Birle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riai.2011.06.013","article-title":"Situaci\u00f3n actual y perspectivas futuras del control del proceso de elaboraci\u00f3n del aceite de oliva virgen","volume":"8","author":"Marchal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Revista Iberoamericana de Autom\u00e1tica e Inform\u00e1tica Industrial"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Civantos, L. (1999). Obtenci\u00f3n del Aceite de Oliva Virgen, Editorial Agr\u00edcola Espa\u00f1ola."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gila, D.M., Marchal, P.C., Garcia, J.G., and Ortega, J.G. (2013, January 13\u201316). Control System of the Malaxing State for the Olive Paste Based on Computer Vision and Fuzzy Logic. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Manchester, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2013.335"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1973.4309314","article-title":"Textural Features for Image Classification","volume":"3","author":"Haralick","year":"1973","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Haralick, R.M., and Shapiro, L.G. (1992). Computer and Robot Vision, Addison-Wesley Pub. 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Food Process Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/7\/2227\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:11:32Z","timestamp":1760195492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/7\/2227"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s18072227"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18072227","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]]}}}