{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T04:36:27Z","timestamp":1773376587405,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,12]],"date-time":"2018-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we propose a high accuracy open-type current sensor with a differential Planar Hall Resistive (PHR) sensor. Conventional open-type current sensors with magnetic sensors are usually vulnerable to interference from an external magnetic field. To reduce the effect of an unintended magnetic field, the proposed design uses a differential structure with PHR. The differential structure provides robust performance to unwanted magnetic flux and increased magnetic sensitivity. In addition, instead of conventional Hall sensors with a magnetic concentrator, a newly developed PHR with high sensitivity is employed to sense horizontal magnetic fields. The PHR sensor and read-out integrated circuit (IC) are integrated through a post-Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process using multi-chip packaging. The current sensor is designed to measure a 1 A current level. The measured performance of the designed current sensor has a 16 kHz bandwidth and a current nonlinearity of under \u00b10.5%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]],"date-time":"2018-07-11T10:50:09Z","timestamp":1531306209000},"page":"2231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["High Accuracy Open-Type Current Sensor with a Differential Planar Hall Resistive Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sungho","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Gyeonggi 13488, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sungmin","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Gyeonggi 13488, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wonki","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Gyeonggi 13488, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wonhyo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Gyeonggi 13488, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8157-1256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaehoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwangho","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Kyungsung University, Busan 608-736, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheol-Gi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daesung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Gyeonggi 13488, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1243\/0954407001527475","article-title":"A review of current sensor technologies and applications within automotive and traffic control systems","volume":"214","author":"Tuner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D J. Automob. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potter, C.W., Archambault, A., and Westrick, K. (2009, January 15\u201318). Building a smarter smart grid through better renewable energy information. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE\/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PSCE.2009.4840110"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(03)00091-8","article-title":"Spin-valve current sensor for industrial applications","volume":"105","author":"Ejea","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2009.2013914","article-title":"Current sensing techniques: A review","volume":"9","author":"Ziegler","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Laimer, G., and Kolar, J.W. (2005, January 6\u201310). Design and Experimental Analysis of a DC to 1 MHz Closed Loop Magnetoresistive Current Sensor. Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, Austin, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15520","DOI":"10.3390\/s121115520","article-title":"A current sensor based on the giant magnetoresistance effect: Design and potential smart grid applications","volume":"12","author":"Ouyang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Olson, E.R., and Lorenz, R.D. (2003, January 9\u201313). Integrating Giant Magnetoresistive Current and Thermal Sensors in Power Electronic Modules. Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, Miami Beach, FL, USA, USA."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popovic, R.S., Drljaca, P.M., and Kejik, P. (2005). CMOS magnetic sensors with integrated ferromagnetic parts. Sens. Actuators A, 94\u201399.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2005.11.048"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Jobling, D. (2018, May 20). Advances in ASICs for Open Loop Hall-Effect Based Current Transdusers. Available online: https:\/\/www.lem.com\/images\/stories\/files\/model_files\/HO\/advances_in_asics_for_ol_hall_effect_cu-rrent_transducers.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yatchev, I., Sen, M., Balabozov, I., and Kostov, I. (2018). Modelling of a Hall effect-based current sensor with an open core magnetic concentrator. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041260"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heidari, H., Bonizzoni, E., Gatti, U., Maloberti, F., and Dahiya, R. (2015, January 1\u20134). Optimal geometry of CMOS voltage-mode and current-mode vertical magnetic hall sensors. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE SENSORS, Busan, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2015.7370365"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Rushmer, R., Annis, J., Marasch, R., and Voborsky, G. (2016). Hall Effect Sensor Core with Multiple Air Gaps. (9,285,437), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13584","DOI":"10.3390\/s131013584","article-title":"Design and development of a low-cost optical current sensor","volume":"13","author":"Zubia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1109\/20.703866","article-title":"Analysis of magnetic fields due to three-phase bus bar currents for design of an optical current transformer","volume":"34","author":"Imamura","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4962","DOI":"10.1109\/20.539302","article-title":"Magnetic fields analysis for the optical current-transformer used for three-phase bus-bars arranged longitudinally","volume":"32","author":"Imamura","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"68","article-title":"Coreless Hall current sensor for automotive inverters decoupling cross-coupled field","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., and Or, S.W. (2018). Gradient-type magnetoelectric current sensor with strong multisource noise suppression. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020588"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2018, May 20). Allegro ACS70331 Datasheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.allegromicro.com\/en\/Products-\/Current-Sensor-ICs\/Zero-To-Fifty-Amp-Integrated-Conductor-Sensor-ICs\/ACS70331.aspx."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"George, N., and Gopalakrishna, S. (2016, January 16\u201318). An improved anti-differential configuration based hall-effect current sensor. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Annual India Conference (INDICON), Bangalore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/INDICON.2016.7839077"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"8420","article-title":"Differential reconstruction method for power frequency AC current measurement using Rogowski coil","volume":"16","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2007.915771","article-title":"Giant Magneto Resistive (GMR) Effect Based Current Sensing Technique for Low Voltage\/High Current Voltage Regulator Modules","volume":"23","author":"Singh","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2006.875564","article-title":"Low-cost high-bandwidth current transducer for automotive applications","volume":"21","author":"McNeill","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.94.1121","article-title":"New galvanomagnetic effect","volume":"94","author":"Goldberg","year":"1954","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2003.820555","article-title":"CMOS microsystem for AC current measurement with galvanic isolation","volume":"3","author":"Frick","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssc.2011.05.049","article-title":"Hybrid AMR\/PHR ring sensor","volume":"151","author":"Oh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Solid State Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2017.2649858","article-title":"A spinning current circuit for Hall measurements down to the nanotesla range","volume":"66","author":"Mosser","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3232","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2009.2032710","article-title":"A chopper current-feedback instrumentation amplifier with a 1 mHz 1\/f noise cirner and an AC-coupled ripple reduction loop","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2009.2023158","article-title":"A 10 MS\/s 11-bit 0.19 mm2 algorithmic ADC with improved clocking scheme","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2018, May 20). DHAB S\/160 Specification. Available online: https:\/\/www.lem.com\/sites\/default\/files\/products_datasheets\/dhab_s_160_pub-lic_datasheet.pdf."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2018, May 20). TLI4970 Datasheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.infineon.com\/dgdl\/Infineon-TLI4970-D025T4-DS-v01_01-EN.pdf?fileId-=5546d4625607bd1301562bdf09d8339f."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/7\/2231\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:11:47Z","timestamp":1760195507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/7\/2231"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,12]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s18072231"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18072231","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,12]]}}}