{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T10:25:48Z","timestamp":1777026348142,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,12]],"date-time":"2018-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, a bound-constrained optimization algorithm is applied for estimating physiological data (pulse and breathing rate) of human body using 60 GHz Doppler radar, by detecting displacements induced by breathing and the heartbeat of a human subject. The influence of mutual phasing between the two movements is analyzed in a theoretical framework and the application of optimization algorithms is proved to be able to accurately detect both breathing and heartbeat rates, despite intermodulation effects between them. Different optimization procedures are compared and shown to be more robust to receiver noise and artifacts of random body motion than a direct spectrum analysis. In case of a large-scale constrained bound, a parallel optimization procedure executed in subranges is proposed to realize accurate detection in a reduced span of time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,12]],"date-time":"2018-07-12T11:19:24Z","timestamp":1531394364000},"page":"2254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Estimation of Human Body Vital Signs Based on 60 GHz Doppler Radar Using a Bound-Constrained Optimization Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9440-3219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Processing, Communication and Networking (IPCAN), College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering (ISEE), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Sarrazin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9s, UR2, L2E, F-75005 Paris, France"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Valerio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9s, UR2, L2E, F-75005 Paris, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5906-4947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Istrate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne University, UTC CNRS UMR 7338, Biomechanics and Bioengineering (BMBI), University of Technology of Compi\u00e8gne, BP 20529, Rue Personne de Roberval, 60205 Compi\u00e8gne, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2013.2283055","article-title":"A Dynamic Evidential Network for Fall Detection","volume":"18","author":"Aguilar","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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