{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T23:04:58Z","timestamp":1768604698636,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,13]],"date-time":"2018-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008255","name":"Great Lakes Protection Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008255","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\u201cSmart\u201d water systems are transforming the field of stormwater management by enabling real-time monitoring and control of previously static infrastructure. While the localized benefits of active control are well-established, the potential for system-scale control of watersheds is poorly understood. This study shows how a real-world smart stormwater system can be leveraged to shape streamflow within an urban watershed. Specifically, we coordinate releases from two internet-controlled stormwater basins to achieve desired control objectives downstream\u2014such as maintaining the flow at a set-point, and generating interleaved waves. In the first part of the study, we describe the construction of the control network using a low-cost, open-source hardware stack and a cloud-based controller scheduling application. Next, we characterize the system\u2019s control capabilities by determining the travel times, decay times, and magnitudes of various waves released from the upstream retention basins. With this characterization in hand, we use the system to generate two desired responses at a critical downstream junction. First, we generate a set-point hydrograph, in which flow is maintained at an approximately constant rate. Next, we generate a series of overlapping and interleaved waves using timed releases from both retention basins. We discuss how these control strategies can be used to stabilize flows, thereby mitigating streambed erosion and reducing contaminant loads into downstream waterbodies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,16]],"date-time":"2018-07-16T04:05:33Z","timestamp":1531713933000},"page":"2259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Shaping Streamflow Using a Real-Time Stormwater Control Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8141-3621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhiram","family":"Mullapudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil &amp; Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6421-222X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Bartos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil &amp; Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0109-6150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil &amp; Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8041-5366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Branko","family":"Kerkez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil &amp; Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7267","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b05870","article-title":"Smarter Stormwater Systems","volume":"50","author":"Kerkez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. 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