{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T16:40:53Z","timestamp":1772556053836,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,14]],"date-time":"2018-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hybrid materials made of wide band gap semiconductors and dye molecules are largely studied mainly for photovoltaic applications. However, these materials also show interesting chemical sensitivity. Zinc oxides (ZnO) and porphyrins are good examples of a metal oxide semiconductor and a dye molecule that give rise to a hybrid material with such interesting properties. ZnO has been studied for sensors, optoelectronics, electronic devices, photo-anodes for dye-sensitized solar cells, and for mechanical energy harvesting. Porphyrins, on the other side, can be synthesized in order to mimic their roles in living systems such as oxygen transport and charge transfer for catalytic processes in animals and photosynthesis in plants. This paper provides a review of the chemical sensing properties of porphyrin-capped ZnO nanostructures. The methodologies to functionalize the ZnO surface with porphyrins are illustrated with emphasis on the relationships between the material preparation and its sensing properties. The development of sensors is described through the application of the hybrid materials to different transducers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,16]],"date-time":"2018-07-16T04:05:33Z","timestamp":1531713933000},"page":"2279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Porphyrin-Functionalized Zinc Oxide Nanostructures for Sensor Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ekrami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Technology and Engineering, Agricultural Campus of the University of Tehran, P. O. Box 4111, 31587-11167 Karaj, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2140-0110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Magna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Emam-djomeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Technology and Engineering, Agricultural Campus of the University of Tehran, P. O. Box 4111, 31587-11167 Karaj, Iran"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Saeed Yarmand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Technology and Engineering, Agricultural Campus of the University of Tehran, P. O. Box 4111, 31587-11167 Karaj, Iran"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Paolesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Roma, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0543-4348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corrado","family":"Di Natale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.01.023","article-title":"New perspectives of gas sensors technology","volume":"13","author":"Yamazoe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. 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