{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T14:01:02Z","timestamp":1760709662751,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,16]],"date-time":"2018-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Advanced treatment of reclaimed water prior to potable reuse normally results in the inactivation of bacterial populations, however, incremental treatment failure can result in bacteria, including pathogens, remaining viable. Therefore, potential microorganisms need to be detected in real-time to preclude potential adverse human health effects. Real-time detection of microbes presents unique problems which are dependent on the water quality of the test water, including parameters such as particulate content and turbidity, and natural organic matter content. In addition, microbes are unusual in that: (i) viability and culturability are not always synonymous; (ii) viability in water can be reduced by osmotic stress; and (iii) bacteria can invoke repair mechanisms in response to UV disinfection resulting in regrowth of bacterial populations. All these issues related to bacteria affect the efficacy of real-time detection for bacteria. Here we evaluate three different sensors suitable for specific water qualities. The sensor A is an on-line, real-time sensor that allows for the continuous monitoring of particulates (including microbial contaminants) using multi-angle-light scattering (MALS) technology. The sensor B is a microbial detection system that uses optical technique, Mie light scattering, for particle sizing and fluorescence emission for viable bacteria detection. The last sensor C was based on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. E. coli was used a model organism and out of all tested sensors, we found the sensor C to be the most accurate. It has a great potential as a surrogate parameter for microbial loads in test waters and be useful for process control in treatment trains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,16]],"date-time":"2018-07-16T11:38:50Z","timestamp":1531741130000},"page":"2303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Near Real-Time Detection of E. coli in Reclaimed Water"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Samendra","family":"Sherchan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, 1440 Canal St, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"},{"name":"Water &amp; Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA"}]},{"given":"Syreeta","family":"Miles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water &amp; Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA"},{"name":"Public Health Laboratory, San Diego County Health and Human Services Agency, San Diego, CA 92101, USA"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Ikner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water &amp; Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4909-5587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hye-Weon","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water &amp; Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA"}]},{"given":"Shane A.","family":"Snyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water &amp; Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA"},{"name":"Nanyang Environment &amp; Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Ian L.","family":"Pepper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water &amp; Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1080\/10934521003709115","article-title":"Water distribution systems as living ecosystems: Impact on taste and odor","volume":"45","author":"Scott","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2005.10.030","article-title":"Inactivation credit of UV radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan cysts in water: A review","volume":"40","author":"Hijnem","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.51.3.365-379.1987","article-title":"Survival strategies of bacteria in the natural environment","volume":"51","author":"Roszack","year":"1987","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.10.101","article-title":"Predicting pharmaceutical degradation by UV[MP] H2O2 processes: A kinetic model","volume":"263","author":"Wols","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. 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Proceedings of the WDSA 2012: 14th Water Distribution Systems Analysis Conference, Adelaide, South Australia."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.08.049","article-title":"Advances in on-line drinking water quality monitoring and early warning systems","volume":"45","author":"Storey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2015.02.023","article-title":"A real time method of contaminant classification using conventional water quality sensors","volume":"154","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/7\/2303\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:12:25Z","timestamp":1760195545000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/7\/2303"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,16]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s18072303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18072303","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,16]]}}}