{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T11:31:40Z","timestamp":1760441500431,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]],"date-time":"2018-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51772174","51472145","51272133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51772174","51472145","51272133"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2013MM016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2013MM016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Au:SmFe0.9Zn0.1O3 is synthesized by a sol-gel method and annealed at 750 \u00b0C. Through XRD, SEM and XPS analysis methods, the microstructure of the material has been observed. The average particle size is about 50 nm. The sensor shows a high sensitivity toward acetone vapor. As the relative humidity increases, the resistance and sensitivity of the sensor decline. To obtain a low optimum operating temperature, light illumination with different wavelengths has been introduced. The sensitivity toward acetone is improved at lower operating temperature when the sensor is irradiated by light. The smaller the wavelengths, the better the sensitivity of the sensor. Compared with other gases, the sensor shows excellent selectivity to acetone vapor, with better sensitivity, selectivity and stability when under light illumination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,18]],"date-time":"2018-07-18T08:45:42Z","timestamp":1531903542000},"page":"2318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["An Ultrahigh Sensitivity Acetone Sensor Enhanced by Light Illumination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Heng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, State Key Laboratory for Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, State Key Laboratory for Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}]},{"given":"Chengyong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, State Key Laboratory for Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}]},{"given":"Jifan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, State Key Laboratory for Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.07.023","article-title":"Mixed potential type acetone sensor using stabilized zirconia and M3V2O8 (M: Zn, Co and Ni) sensing electrode","volume":"221","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3981","DOI":"10.1021\/nn305906z","article-title":"Organic Solvent-Based Graphene Oxide Liquid Crystals: A Facile Route toward the Next Generation of Self-Assembled Layer-by-Layer Multifunctional 3D Architectures","volume":"7","author":"Jalili","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2006.07.003","article-title":"Acetone sensor using lead foil as working electrode","volume":"122","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.06.179","article-title":"Rapid acetone detection using indium loaded WO3\/SnO2 nanohybrid sensor","volume":"253","author":"Tomer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3658","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.7b00479","article-title":"Near-Room-Temperature Ethanol Detection Using Ag-Loaded Mesoporous Carbon Nitrides","volume":"2","author":"Tomer","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10718","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TA02702A","article-title":"Cubic mesoporous Pd\u2013WO3 loaded graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) nanohybrids: Highly sensitive and temperature dependent VOC sensors","volume":"6","author":"Malik","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701357","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.201701357","article-title":"Ordered Mesoporous Ag\u2013ZnO@g-CN Nanohybrid as Highly Effcient Bifunctional Sensing Material","volume":"5","author":"Malik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(97)80107-4","article-title":"Adsorption semiconductor sensor for diabetic ketoacidosis diagnosis","volume":"36","author":"Makisimovich","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madrolle, S., Grangeat, P., and Jutten, C. (2018). A Linear-Quadratic Model for the Quantification of a Mixture of Two Diluted Gases with a Single Metal Oxide Sensor. Sensors, 18.","key":"ref_9","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061785"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"037110","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/7\/3\/037110","article-title":"Correlations between blood glucose and breath components from portable gas sensors and PTR-TOF-MS","volume":"7","author":"Righettoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spmi.2015.01.022","article-title":"Characterization and acetone gas sensing properties of electrospun TiO2 nanorods","volume":"81","author":"Bian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Superlattice Microstruct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1109\/TDMR.2014.2347376","article-title":"Repeatability and Stability of Room-Temperature Acetone Sensor Based on Nanotubes: Influence of Stoichiometry Variation","volume":"14","author":"Bhowmik","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Device Mater. Reliab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2016.01.077","article-title":"Acetone sensors based on TiO2 nanocrystals modified with tungsten oxide species","volume":"665","author":"Epifani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.05.037","article-title":"Ultrasensitive and low detection limit of acetone gas sensor based on W-doped NiO hierarchical nanostructure","volume":"220","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.10.005","article-title":"Enhanced acetone sensing performances of hierarchical hollow Au-loaded NiO hybrid structures","volume":"161","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2013.01.064","article-title":"Performance of Cr-doped ZnO for acetone sensing","volume":"270","author":"Abdullah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2015.09.120","article-title":"Synthesis of three-dimensional flower-like hierarchical ZnO nanostructure and its enhanced acetone gas sensing properties","volume":"654","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.08.059","article-title":"Improved acetone sensing properties of ZnO hollow nanofibers by single capillary electrospinning","volume":"160","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spmi.2014.10.033","article-title":"Template-free hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO micro\/nano-materials and their application in acetone sensing properties","volume":"77","author":"An","year":"2015","journal-title":"Superlattice Microstruct."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59976","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA08536E","article-title":"Gas sensors based on ultrathin porous Co3O4 nanosheets to detect acetone at low temperature","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2014.06.169","article-title":"Excellent acetone sensing properties of Sm-doped alpha-Fe2O3","volume":"314","author":"Su","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.04.088","article-title":"Highly sensitive acetone sensors based on La-doped alpha-Fe2O3 nanotubes","volume":"184","author":"Shan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.11.001","article-title":"Effects of morphologies on acetone-sensing properties of tungsten trioxide nanocrystals","volume":"153","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.11.106","article-title":"Acetone sensing of Au and Pd-decorated WO3 nanorod sensors","volume":"209","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2012.06.002","article-title":"Breath acetone monitoring by portable Si:WO3 gas sensors","volume":"738","author":"Righettoni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.01.047","article-title":"Acetone vapour sensing characteristics of cobalt-doped SnO2 thin films","volume":"125","author":"Patil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2014.12.137","article-title":"Synthesis of hierarchical SnO2 nanoflowers and their high gas-sensing properties","volume":"143","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1080\/17458080.2014.952685","article-title":"Cr-induced modifications in the structural, photoluminescence and acetone-sensing behaviour of hydrothermally synthesised SnO2 nanoparticles","volume":"10","author":"Mishra","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b00161","article-title":"Electrolytically Exfoliated Graphene-Loaded Flame-Made Ni-Doped SnO2 Composite Film for Acetone Sensing","volume":"7","author":"Singkammo","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.01.028","article-title":"Effects of cobalt doping on nitric oxide, acetone and ethanol sensing performances of FSP-made SnO2 nanoparticles","volume":"210","author":"Punginsang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.02.006","article-title":"Preparation of biomorphic porous LaFeO3 by sorghum straw biotemplate method and its acetone sensing properties","volume":"196","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2006.06.027","article-title":"Preparation and acetone sensitive characteristics of nano LaFeO3 semiconductor thin films by polymerization complex method","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B Adv."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.01.096","article-title":"Gas sensors based on ytterbium ferrites nanocrystalline powders for detecting acetone with low concentrations","volume":"246","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.09.003","article-title":"Electrical properties and acetone-sensing characteristics of LaNi1\u2212xTixO3 perovskite system prepared by amorphous citrate decomposition","volume":"143","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.09.031","article-title":"Surfactant CATB-assisted generation and gas-sensing characteristics of LnFeO3 (Ln = La, Sm, Eu) materials","volume":"143","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.05.024","article-title":"Acetone gas sensing properties of SmFe1\u2212xMgxO3 perovskite oxides","volume":"134","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s12613-012-0529-y","article-title":"Effect of Pd doping on the acetone-sensing properties of NdFeO3","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Met. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.03.080","article-title":"Gas sensing properties of nanocrystalline La0.75Ba0.25FeO3 thick-film sensors","volume":"171","author":"Fan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.05.001","article-title":"Improvement and mechanism for the fast response of a Pt\/TiO2 gas sensor","volume":"148","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(00)00565-7","article-title":"Analysis of the noble metal catalytic additives introduced by impregnation of as obtained SnO2 sol\u2013gel nanocrystals for gas sensors","volume":"70","author":"Cabot","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mssp.2013.09.014","article-title":"Response time and mechanism of Pd modified TiO2 gas sensor","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.03.036","article-title":"Development of microstructure In\/Pd-doped SnO2 sensor for low-level CO detection","volume":"139","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4258","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201001251","article-title":"Ultrasensitive and Highly Selective Gas Sensors Based on Electrospun SnO2 Nanofibers Modified by Pd Loading","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2012.05.099","article-title":"Aqueous chemical route deposition of nanocrystalline ZnO thin films as acetone sensor: Effect of molarity","volume":"39","author":"Rajgure","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2009.05.060","article-title":"Preparation, characterization, and gas-sensing properties of Pd-doped In2O3 nanofibers","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2004.04.103","article-title":"CO response of a nanostructured SnO2 gas sensor doped with palladium and platinum","volume":"103","author":"Menini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.12.055","article-title":"Influence of Pd doping on morphology and LPG response of SnO2","volume":"131","author":"Vaishampayan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.01.028","article-title":"Semiconductor gas sensor based on Pd-doped SnO2 nanorod thin films","volume":"132","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progsurf.2005.09.002","article-title":"The surface and materials science of tin oxide","volume":"79","author":"Batzill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13204","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm31180a","article-title":"Highly sensitive room-temperature CO gas sensors: Pt and Pd nanoparticle-decorated In2O3 flower-like nanobundles","volume":"22","author":"Lai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.07.102","article-title":"Semiconducting gas sensor for ethanol based on LaMgxFe1\u2212xO3 nanocrystals","volume":"129","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4794","DOI":"10.1021\/cm800761e","article-title":"Ferroelectric WO3 Nanoparticles for Acetone Selective Detection","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"unstructured":"Dean, J.A. (1998). Lange\u2019s Handbook of Chemistry, McGraw-Hill. [15th ed.].","key":"ref_53"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/7\/2318\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:12:38Z","timestamp":1760195558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/7\/2318"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s18072318"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18072318","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]]}}}