{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T11:03:29Z","timestamp":1770894209589,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,18]],"date-time":"2018-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61571140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61571140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007162","name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016B030303011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016B030303011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007162","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007162","name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017A010101032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017A010101032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007162","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Machine olfaction is a novel technology and has been developed for many years. The electronic nose with an array of gas sensors, a crucial application form of the machine olfaction, is capable of sensing not only odorous compounds, but also odorless chemicals. Because of its fast response, mobility and easy of use, the electronic nose has been applied to scientific and commercial uses such as environment monitoring and food processing inspection. Additionally, odor characterization and reproduction are the two novel parts of machine olfaction, which extend the field of machine olfaction. Odor characterization is the technique that characterizes odorants as some form of general odor information. At present, there have already been odor characterizations by means of the electronic nose. Odor reproduction is the technique that re-produces an odor by some form of general odor information and displays the odor by the olfactory display. It enhances the human ability of controlling odors just as the control of light and voice. In analogy to visual and auditory display technologies, is it possible that the olfactory display will be used in our daily life? There have already been some efforts toward odor reproduction and olfactory displays.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]],"date-time":"2018-07-19T03:50:43Z","timestamp":1531972243000},"page":"2329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Odor Characterizations and Reproductions in Machine Olfactions: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9286-0336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tengteng","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dehan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiafeng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1961.16.4.742","article-title":"An instrument for measuring and classifying odors","volume":"16","author":"Moncrieff","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(03)00321-6","article-title":"The electronic nose applied to dairy products: A review","volume":"94","author":"Ampuero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2009.02.009","article-title":"A 21st century technique for food control: Electronic noses","volume":"638","author":"Peris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.03.078","article-title":"Electronic nose for wine discrimination","volume":"113","author":"Aleixandre","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Men, H., Shi, Y., Fu, S., Jiao, Y., Qiao, Y., and Liu, J. (2017). Discrimination of Beer Based on E-tongue and E-nose Combined with SVM: Comparison of Different Variable Selection Methods by PCA, GA-PLS and VIP. Preprints.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201705.0054.v1"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2007.10.066","article-title":"Evaluation of unpleasant odor with a portable electronic nose","volume":"28","author":"Fuchs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.07.021","article-title":"Classification of multiple indoor air contaminants by an electronic nose and a hybrid support vector machine","volume":"174","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1104","article-title":"A New Method for Classification of Chinese Herbal Medicines Based on Local Tangent Space Alignment and LDA","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.10141","article-title":"Monitoring the aroma production during wine-must fermentation with an electronic nose","volume":"77","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"211","article-title":"A brief history of electronic noses","volume":"18\u201319","author":"Gardner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(99)00149-5","article-title":"Strategies to avoid VOC cross-sensitivity of SnO2 sensors","volume":"58","author":"Strathmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.11.034","article-title":"Drift compensation of gas sensor array data by common principal component analysis","volume":"146","author":"Ziyatdinov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2013.07.032","article-title":"A novel background interferences elimination method in electronic nose using pattern recognition","volume":"201","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2014.2367775","article-title":"Domain Adaptation Extreme Learning Machines for Drift Compensation in E-Nose Systems","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.05.026","article-title":"A novel pattern mismatch based interference elimination technique in E-nose","volume":"234","author":"Tian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, F., Zhang, J., Yang, S.X., Zhao, Z., Liang, Z., Liu, Y., and Di, W. (2016). Suppression of Strong Background Interference on E-Nose Sensors in an Open Country Environment. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16020233"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.07.028","article-title":"A correlated information removing based interference suppression technique in electronic nose for detection of bacteria","volume":"986","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.06.005","article-title":"Development of odor recorder with enhanced recording capabilities based on real-time mass spectrometry","volume":"141","author":"Somboon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1021\/jf980794p","article-title":"Odor Intensity Evaluation in Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry by Finger Span Method","volume":"47","author":"Callement","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2478853","article-title":"Odor Assessment of Automobile Cabin Air with Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry and Photoionization Detection","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1176(93)87062-W","article-title":"A new method of separation of multi-atomic ions by mobility at atmospheric pressure using a high-frequency amplitude-asymmetric strong electric field","volume":"128","author":"Buryakov","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Process."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.10.033","article-title":"High sensitivity acoustic wave AlN\/Si mass detectors arrays for artificial olfactory and biosensing applications: A review","volume":"179","author":"Mastromatteo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Axel, R., and Buck, L.B. (2004). The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004, Alberta Aromatherapy Institute."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.1021\/cr950068a","article-title":"Structure-Odor Relationships","volume":"96","author":"Rossiter","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2016.06.145","article-title":"Detection of hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by metal oxide nanostructures-based gas sensors: A review","volume":"42","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.03.060","article-title":"Multivariate prediction of odor from pig production based on in-situ measurement of odorants","volume":"135","author":"Hansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eusebio, L., Capelli, L., and Sironi, S. (2016). Electronic Nose Testing Procedure for the Definition of Minimum Performance Requirements for Environmental Odor Monitoring. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16091548"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.05.148","article-title":"Improving recognition of odors in a waste management plant by using electronic noses with different technologies, gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry\/olfactometry and dynamic olfactometry","volume":"133","author":"Giungato","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/21.5.495","article-title":"Assessment of Conducting Polymer Odour Sensors for Agricultural Malodour Measurements","volume":"21","author":"Persaud","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1006\/jaer.1996.0135","article-title":"Use of an Electronic Nose to Measure Odour Concentration Following Application of Cattle Slurry to Grassland","volume":"66","author":"Misselbrook","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Agric. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1807","article-title":"Measuring odor concentration with an electronic nose","volume":"44","author":"Qu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trans. ASAE"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(01)00651-7","article-title":"Compensatory methods for the odor concentration in an electronic nose system using software and hardware","volume":"76","author":"Maekawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(00)00470-6","article-title":"Gradient gas sensor microarrays for on-line process control\u2014A new dynamic classification model for fast and reliable air quality assessment","volume":"68","author":"Menzel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2004.04.069","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative identification of H2S\/NO2 gaseous components in different reference atmospheres using a metal oxide sensor array","volume":"103","author":"Helli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2006.03.017","article-title":"Simultaneous estimation of odor classes and concentrations using an electronic nose with function approximation model ensembles","volume":"120","author":"Daqi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2006.12.039","article-title":"Gas concentration estimation in ternary mixtures with room temperature operating sensor array using tapped delay architectures","volume":"124","author":"Castaldo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2000.10464202","article-title":"Measurement of Odor Intensity by an Electronic Nose","volume":"50","author":"Hudon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.06.053","article-title":"Probabilistic gas quantification with MOX sensors in Open Sampling Systems\u2014A Gaussian Process approach","volume":"188","author":"Monroy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1770","article-title":"Approximation of Phenol Concentration Using Computational Intelligence Methods Based on Signals from the Metal-Oxide Sensor Array","volume":"15","author":"Plawiak","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14363","DOI":"10.3390\/s121114363","article-title":"Development of an electronic nose for environmental odour monitoring","volume":"12","author":"Dentoni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Perry, R.H., Chilton, C., and Kirkpatrick, S. (1999). Chemical Engineers Handbook, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.03.041","article-title":"Odor clustering and discrimination using an odor separating system","volume":"166\u2013167","author":"Imahashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2013.05.051","article-title":"Concentrating materials covered by molecular imprinted nanofiltration layer with reconfigurability prepared by a surface sol-gel process for gas-selective detection","volume":"406","author":"Imahashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yanagida, Y. (2012, January 28\u201331). A survey of olfactory displays: Making and delivering scents. Proceedings of the IEEE Sensors, Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2012.6411380"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D.W., Cho, Y.H., Nishimoto, K., Kawakami, Y., Kunifuji, S., and Ando, H. (2009, January 13\u201316). Development of aroma-Card based soundless Olfactory Display. Proceedings of the 16th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS 2009), Yasmine Hammamet, Tunisia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECS.2009.5410784"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2013.40","article-title":"Smelling screen: Development and evaluation of an olfactory display system for presenting a virtual odor source","volume":"19","author":"Matsukura","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chambel, T., Viana, P., Bove, V.M., Strover, S., and Thomas, G. (2014, January 3\u20137). Development of a Simple and Low-Cost Olfactory Display for Immersive Media Experiences. Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Workshop on Immersive Media Experiences\u2014ImmersiveMe \u201914, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2647868.2647875"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12311","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-015-2971-0","article-title":"A reproducible olfactory display for exploring olfaction in immersive media experiences","volume":"75","author":"Howell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Covington, J.A., Agbroko, S., and Tiele, A. (2017, January 28\u201331). A simple, portable, computer-controlled odour generator. Proceedings of the ISOCS\/IEEE International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Nose (ISOEN 2017), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISOEN.2017.7968848"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Lee, S.C., Takayama, L., Truong, K., Healey, J., and Ploetz, T. (2017, January 11\u201315). inScent: A Wearable Olfactory Display as an Amplification for Mobile Notifications. Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers (ISCW 2017), Maui, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Del Bimbo, A., Chang, S.F., and Smeulders, A. (2010, January 25\u201329). Ink jet olfactory display enabling instantaneous switches of scents. Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Multimedia, Firenze, Italy."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadowaki, A., Noguchi, D., Sugimoto, S., Bannai, Y., and Okada, K. (2010, January 19\u201323). Development of a High-Performance Olfactory Display and Measurement of Olfactory Characteristics for Pulse Ejections. Proceedings of the 2010 10th IEEE\/IPSJ International Symposium on Applications and the Internet, Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAINT.2010.39"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakamoto, K., and Kanazawa, F. (2010). Virtual vision system with actual flavor by olfactory display. Optoelectronic Imaging and Multimedia Technology, SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.869781"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1112\/plms\/s1-17.1.4","article-title":"On Waves Propagated along the Plane Surface of an Elastic Solid","volume":"17","author":"Rayleigh","year":"1885","journal-title":"Proc. Lond. Math. Soc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2015.11.027","article-title":"Experimental investigation of surface acoustic wave atomization","volume":"238","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4918","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2271912","article-title":"Improvement of Odor Blender Using Electroosmotic Pumps and SAW Atomizer for Low-Volatile Scents","volume":"13","author":"Ariyakul","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashimoto, K., and Nakamoto, T. (2015, January 21\u201324). Stabilization of SAW atomizer for a wearable olfactory display. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2015.0355"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4974","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2550486","article-title":"Tiny Olfactory Display Using Surface Acoustic Wave Device and Micropumps for Wearable Applications","volume":"16","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuura, E., Homma, S., Horiguchi, S., Matsumoto, S., and Okada, K.I. (2015, January 17\u201320). Development of olfactory display using pulse ejection for medical applications. Proceedings of the 2015 17th International Conference on E-Health Networking, Application & Services (HealthCom), Ostrava, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/HealthCom.2015.7454560"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2015.08.004","article-title":"Anaglyph video smell presentation using micro-porous piezoelectric film olfactory display","volume":"39","author":"Abid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itou, S., Iseki, M., Kato, S., and Nakamoto, T. (2018, January 7\u201311). Olfactory and Visual Presentation Using Olfactory Display Using SAW Atomizer and Solenoid Valves. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces Companion-IUI\u201918, Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1145\/3180308.3180331"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.01.245","article-title":"Investigation and improvement of atomization efficiency based on SAW device coated with amorphous fluoropolymer film for olfactory display","volume":"263","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Li, S. (2009, January 23\u201325). Ad-Smell: Advertising Movie with a Simple Olfactory Display. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Internet Multimedia Computing and Service, Kunming, China."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Steed, A., Reiners, D., and Lindeman, R.W. (2009, January 14\u201318). Demonstration of Improved Olfactory Display using Rapidly-Switching Solenoid Valves. Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Realty 2009, Lafayette, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-009-1178-6","article-title":"Synchronized presentation of odor with airflow using olfactory display","volume":"24","author":"Matsukura","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mech. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoshino, S., Ishibashi, Y., Fukushima, N., and Sugawara, S. (2011, January 10\u201312). QoE assessment in olfactory and haptic media transmission: Influence of inter-stream synchronization error. Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop Technical Committee on Communications Quality and Reliability, Naples, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CQR.2011.5996082"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90418-X","article-title":"A novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors: A molecular basis for odor recognition","volume":"65","author":"Buck","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90145-G","article-title":"A zonal organization of odorant receptor gene expression in the olfactory epithelium","volume":"73","author":"Ressler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90015-9","article-title":"Information Coding in the Olfactory System: Evidence for a Stereotyped and Highly Organized Epitope Map in the Olfactory Bulb","volume":"79","author":"Ressie","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10284","article-title":"Functional mapping of the rat olfactory bulb using diverse odorants reveals modular responses to functional groups and hydrocarbon structural features","volume":"449","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5440.711","article-title":"The Olfactory Bulb: Coding and Processing of Odor Molecule Information","volume":"286","author":"Mori","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80581-4","article-title":"Combinatorial Receptor Codes for Odors","volume":"96","author":"Malnic","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00021.2005","article-title":"Maps of odorant molecular features in the Mammalian olfactory bulb","volume":"86","author":"Mori","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3490","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00035.2010","article-title":"Spatial arrangement of glomerular molecular-feature clusters in the odorant-receptor class domains of the mouse olfactory bulb","volume":"103","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaao6086","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aao6086","article-title":"Functional odor classification through a medicinal chemistry approach","volume":"4","author":"Poivet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1249168","article-title":"Humans Can Discriminate More than 1 Trillion Olfactory Stimuli","volume":"343","author":"Bushdid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"321","article-title":"The steriochemical specificities of human olfactory receptors","volume":"43","author":"Amoore","year":"1952","journal-title":"Perfum. Essent. Oil Rec."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1","article-title":"Identification of the seven primary odors","volume":"37","author":"Amoore","year":"1962","journal-title":"Proc. Sci. Sect. Toilet Goods Assoc."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"13","article-title":"Raman effect and the concept of odour","volume":"28","author":"Dyson","year":"1937","journal-title":"Perfum. Essent. Oil Rec."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.5010041104","article-title":"Odour and molecular vibration. I. Quantum and thermodynamic considerations","volume":"4","author":"Wright","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(77)90283-1","article-title":"Odor and molecular vibration: Neural coding of olfactory information","volume":"64","author":"Wright","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/21.6.773","article-title":"A Spectroscopic Mechanism for Primary Olfactory Reception","volume":"21","author":"Turin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2018.2794118","article-title":"Midair Ultrasound Fragrance Rendering","volume":"24","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Steed, A., Reiners, D., and Lindeman, R.W. (2009, January 14\u201318). Odor Presentation with a Vivid Sense of Reality: Incorporating Fluid Dynamics Simulation into Olfactory Display. Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Realty 2009, Lafayette, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1162\/pres_a_00019","article-title":"Fluid Dynamic Considerations for Realistic Odor Presentation Using Olfactory Display","volume":"19","author":"Matsukura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Presence Teleoper. Virtual Environ."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/eej.21087","article-title":"Introducing computational fluid dynamics simulation into olfactory display","volume":"177","author":"Ishida","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electr. Eng. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"E18 Committee (2011). Practice for Determination of Odor and Taste Thresholds By a Forced-Choice Ascending Concentration Series Method of Limits, E18 Committee."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.19.030196.002505","article-title":"Information Coding in the Vertebrate Olfactory System","volume":"19","author":"Buck","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2016.12.007","article-title":"Bioelectronic Nose: An Emerging Tool for Odor Standardization","volume":"35","author":"Son","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.08.080","article-title":"Bioelectronic nose: Current status and perspectives","volume":"87","author":"Wasilewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2003.12.004","article-title":"Improvement of odor-recorder capability for recording dynamical change in odor","volume":"99","author":"Yamanaka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Steed, A., Reiners, D., and Lindeman, R.W. (2009, January 14\u201318). Selection Method of Odor Components for Olfactory Display Using Mass Spectrum Database. Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Realty 2009, Lafayette, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Staff, I. (2010, January 20\u201324). Visual-olfactory display using olfactory sensory map. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Virtual Reality Conference, Waltham, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7124","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201309508","article-title":"Nature\u2019s chemical signatures in human olfaction: A foodborne perspective for future biotechnology","volume":"53","author":"Dunkel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/7\/2329\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:12:47Z","timestamp":1760195567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/7\/2329"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,18]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s18072329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18072329","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,18]]}}}