{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T08:30:29Z","timestamp":1762504229964,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]],"date-time":"2018-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41602292","41472260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41602292","41472260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The National Major Scientific Instrument Development Project of China","award":["51427804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51427804"]}]},{"name":"The Fundamental Research Funds of Shandong University","award":["2017TB008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017TB008"]}]},{"name":"Major scientific and technological innovation projects of Shandong Province","award":["2017CXGC0610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017CXGC0610"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The measurement accuracy of the intelligent flexible morphological sensor based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) structure was limited in the application of geotechnical engineering and other fields. In order to improve the precision of intellisense for displacement, an FBG implantable flexible morphological sensor was designed in this study, and the classification morphological correction method based on conjugate gradient method and extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithm was proposed. This study utilized finite element simulations and experiments, in order to analyze the feasibility of the proposed method. Then, following the corrections, the results indicated that the maximum relative error percentages of the displacements at measuring points in different bending shapes were determined to be 6.39% (Type 1), 7.04% (Type 2), and 7.02% (Type 3), respectively. Therefore, it was confirmed that the proposed correction method was feasible, and could effectively improve the abilities of sensors for displacement intellisense. In this paper, the designed intelligent sensor was characterized by temperature self-compensation, bending shape self-classification, and displacement error self-correction, which could be used for real-time monitoring of deformation field in rock, subgrade, bridge, and other geotechnical engineering, presenting the vital significance and application promotion value.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,20]],"date-time":"2018-07-20T02:10:11Z","timestamp":1532052611000},"page":"2342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Design and Optimization of FBG Implantable Flexible Morphological Sensor to Realize the Intellisense for Displacement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8720-5401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changbin","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengfang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingmei","family":"Sui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yijia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingjuan","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanpeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geo &amp; Stru Engineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2013.2269836","article-title":"Three-Dimensional needle shape reconstruction using an array of Fiber Bragg Grating sensors","volume":"19","author":"Roesthuis","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. 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