{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:04:35Z","timestamp":1785888275821,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]],"date-time":"2018-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Potentiometric oxygen monitoring using platinum as the electrode material was enabled by the combination of conventional potentiometry with active prepolarization protocols, what we call active potentiometry. The obtained logarithmic transfer function is well-suited for the measurement of dissolved oxygen in biomedical applications, as the physiological oxygen concentration typically varies over several decades. We describe the application of active potentiometry in phosphate buffered salt solution at different pH and ion strength. Sensitivity was in the range of 60 mV\/dec oxygen concentration; the transfer function deviated from logarithmic behavior for smaller oxygen concentration and higher ion strength of the electrolyte. Long-term stability was demonstrated for 60 h. Based on these measurement results and additional cyclic voltammetry investigations a model is discussed to explain the potential forming mechanism. The described method of active potentiometry is applicable to many different potentiometric sensors possibly enhancing sensitivity or selectivity for a specific parameter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]],"date-time":"2018-07-24T11:51:38Z","timestamp":1532433098000},"page":"2404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Active Potentiometry for Dissolved Oxygen Monitoring with Platinum Electrodes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK\u2014Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-K\u00f6hler Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8288-8266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Weltin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK\u2014Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-K\u00f6hler Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald A.","family":"Urban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK\u2014Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-K\u00f6hler Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8220-8814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jochen","family":"Kieninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK\u2014Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-K\u00f6hler Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1080\/02841860410020220","article-title":"Linking measured intercellular oxygen concentration to human cell functions","volume":"43","author":"Ebbesen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1039\/C7LC00942A","article-title":"Microsensor systems for cell metabolism\u2014From 2D culture to organ-on-chip","volume":"18","author":"Kieninger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(00)82310-7","article-title":"Fibre-optic oxygen sensor with the fluorescence decay time as the information carrier","volume":"205","author":"Lippitsch","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2184.2013.12089.x","article-title":"Pericellular oxygen monitoring with integrated sensor chips for reproducible cell culture experiments","volume":"47","author":"Kieninger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kieninger, J., Tamari, Y., Enderle, B., Jobst, G., Sandvik, J., Pettersen, E., and Urban, G. (2018). Sensor Access to the Cellular Microenvironment Using the Sensing Cell Culture Flask. Biosensors, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios8020044"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60329a004","article-title":"Sodium tungsten bronze as a potentiometric indicating electrode for dissolved oxygen in aqueous solution","volume":"45","author":"Hahn","year":"1973","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60340a010","article-title":"Mixed-potential mechanism for the potentiometric response of the sodium tungsten bronze electrode to dissolved oxygen and in chelometric titrations","volume":"46","author":"Hahn","year":"1974","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00f6ngren, P.A., and Edwall, G. (1980). Evaluation of the influence of impurities on the oxygen sensitivity of monocrystalline antimony electrodes. Electrochim. Acta.","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4686(80)80009-0"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00041a008","article-title":"Reversible Potentiometric Oxygen Sensors Based on Polymeric and Metallic Film Electrodes","volume":"64","author":"Yim","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.1140071105","article-title":"Potentiometric oxygen sensing with copper films: Response mechanism and analytical implications","volume":"7","author":"Meruva","year":"1995","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(96)00570-3","article-title":"Potentiometric oxygen sensor based on mixed potential of cobalt wire electrode","volume":"341","author":"Meruva","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(97)00097-3","article-title":"Catheter-type sensor for potentiometric monitoring of oxygen, pH and carbon dioxide","volume":"13","author":"Meruva","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2004.03.008","article-title":"New potentiomentric dissolved oxygen sensors in thick film technology","volume":"101","author":"Soto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1451","article-title":"Surface-oxide growth at platinum electrodes in aqueous H2SO4: Reexamination of its mechanism through combined cyclic-voltammetry, electrochemical quartz-crystal nanobalance, and Auger electron spectroscopy measurements","volume":"49","author":"Jerkiewicz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2006.01.022","article-title":"Comprehensive study of the growth of thin oxide layers on Pt electrodes under well-defined temperature, potential, and time conditions","volume":"589","author":"Alsabet","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1992.0576","article-title":"Elements in the Interpretation of Platinum Electrode Potentials in Biological Treatment","volume":"26","author":"Heduit","year":"1992","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1021\/cr60306a003","article-title":"Low-pressure solubility of gases in liquid water","volume":"77","author":"Wilhelm","year":"1977","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.690420130","article-title":"Estimation of gas solubilities in salt solutions at temperatures from 273 K to 363 K","volume":"42","author":"Weisenberger","year":"1996","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"41","article-title":"Monitor and Control of Blood and Tissue Oxygen Tensions","volume":"2","author":"Clark","year":"1956","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0956-5663(93)85024-I","article-title":"Thin-film Clark-type oxygen sensor based on novel polymer membrane systems for in vivo and biosensor applications","volume":"8","author":"Jobst","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/8\/2404\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:13:57Z","timestamp":1760195637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/8\/2404"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s18082404"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18082404","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]]}}}