{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T19:55:14Z","timestamp":1767902114631,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,25]],"date-time":"2018-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51475035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51475035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51505023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51505023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017NBM042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017NBM042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To measure large external forces exerted on a loading platform, a novel three-dimensional force sensor is developed in this paper. The proposed sensor was designed with a parallel mechanism with three degrees of freedom. Kinematic analysis of this sensor was performed. Due to its structural characteristics, the working principle of the sensor was analyzed using a Jacobian matrix. The sensitivity diversity index and measuring capability were both calculated. The analysis showed that the proposed sensor is more suitable for measuring large forces than existing strain sensors. In addition, compared with existing strain sensors, this sensor is more suitable for measuring forces along the x and y axes. By changing the stiffness coefficients of the springs, the proposed sensor has reconfigurability. This sensor can change its measuring capability to meet different requirements. Next, the mode shapes and natural frequencies of the proposed sensor were performed. Finally, based on these performance indices, the design variables were optimized using a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,25]],"date-time":"2018-07-25T08:28:47Z","timestamp":1532507327000},"page":"2416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Design and Optimization of a Novel Three-Dimensional Force Sensor with Parallel Structure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Guanyu","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}]},{"given":"Haibo","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2313860","article-title":"Multi-dimensional MEMS\/micro sensor for force and moment sensing: A review","volume":"14","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. 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