{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]],"date-time":"2025-11-23T10:48:01Z","timestamp":1763894881416,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]],"date-time":"2018-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science of China","award":["41601365","41431179","41162011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41601365","41431179","41162011"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFB0502501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFB0502501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004607","name":"GuangXi Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015GXNSFDA139032","2012GXNSFCB05300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015GXNSFDA139032","2012GXNSFCB05300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004607","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangxi Science &amp; Technology Development Program","award":["GuiKeHe 14123001-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GuiKeHe 14123001-4"]}]},{"name":"GuangXi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics Program","award":["GuiKeNeng 163802506","GuiKeNeng 163802530"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GuiKeNeng 163802506","GuiKeNeng 163802530"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conventional rational polynomial coefficients (RPC)-based orthorectification methods are unable to satisfy the demands of timely responses to terrorist attacks and disaster rescue. To accelerate the orthorectification processing speed, we propose an on-board orthorectification method, i.e., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based fixed-point (FP)-RPC orthorectification method. The proposed RPC algorithm is first modified using fixed-point arithmetic. Then, the FP-RPC algorithm is implemented using an FPGA chip. The proposed method is divided into three main modules: a reading parameters module, a coordinate transformation module, and an interpolation module. Two datasets are applied to validate the processing speed and accuracy that are achievable. Compared to the RPC method implemented using Matlab on a personal computer, the throughputs from the proposed method and the Matlab-based RPC method are 675.67 Mpixels\/s and 61,070.24 pixels\/s, respectively. This means that the proposed method is approximately 11,000 times faster than the Matlab-based RPC method to process the same satellite images. Moreover, the root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) of the row coordinate (\u0394I), column coordinate (\u0394J), and the distance \u0394S are 0.35 pixels, 0.30 pixels, and 0.46 pixels, respectively, for the first study area; and, for the second study area, they are 0.27 pixels, 0.36 pixels, and 0.44 pixels, respectively, which satisfies the correction accuracy requirements in practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]],"date-time":"2018-08-01T11:22:34Z","timestamp":1533122554000},"page":"2511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["RPC-Based Orthorectification for Satellite Images Using FPGA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Rongting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"},{"name":"The Center for Remote Sensing, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoqing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"},{"name":"The Center for Remote Sensing, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangyun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Remote Sensing, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"},{"name":"The Center for Remote Sensing, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingjin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"},{"name":"The Center for Remote Sensing, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2013.2292009","article-title":"A fast and accurate orthorectification algorithm of aerial imagery using integer arithmetic","volume":"7","author":"French","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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