{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:02:58Z","timestamp":1760241778559,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,14]],"date-time":"2018-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#5U01ES016064","1R44ES021678"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#5U01ES016064","1R44ES021678"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#5U01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#5U01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R43HL123164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R43HL123164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of connected health devices has allowed for a more accurate assessment of a person\u2019s state under free-living conditions. In this work, we use two mobile sensing devices and investigate the correlation between individual\u2019s resting metabolic rate (RMR) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exposure levels. A total of 17 healthy, young, and sedentary office workers were recruited, measured for RMR with a mobile indirect calorimetry (IC) device, and compared with their corresponding predicted RMR values from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics\u2019 recommended epidemiological equation, the Mifflin\u2013St Jeor equation (MSJE). Individual differences in the RMR values from the IC device and the epidemiological equation were found, and the subjects\u2019 RMRs were classified as normal, high, or low based on a cut-off of \u00b1200 kcal\/day difference with respect to the predicted value. To study the cause of the difference, VOCs exposure levels of each participant\u2019s daytime working environment and nighttime resting environment were assessed using a second mobile sensing device for VOCs exposure detection. The results showed that all sedentary office workers had a low VOCs exposure level (&lt;2 ppmC), and there was no obvious correlation between VOCs exposure and the RMR difference. However, an additional participant who was a worker in an auto repair shop, showed high VOCs exposure with respect to the sedentary office worker population and a significant difference between measured and predicted RMR, with a low RMR of 500 kcal\/day difference. The mobile sensing devices have been demonstrated to be suitable for the assessment of direct information of human health\u2013environment interactions at free-living conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,14]],"date-time":"2018-08-14T10:31:16Z","timestamp":1534242676000},"page":"2670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Tracking Personal Health-Environment Interaction with Novel Mobile Sensing Devices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"},{"name":"Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nai-Yuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"},{"name":"Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Tsow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Xian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Krajmalnik-Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"},{"name":"School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nongjian","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Forzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"},{"name":"Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2016.340","article-title":"Key Success Factors for Smart and Connected Health Software Solutions","volume":"49","author":"Carroll","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2008.09.002","article-title":"The neuroprotective properties of calorie restriction, the ketogenic diet, and ketone bodies","volume":"59","author":"Maalouf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"McArdle, W.D., Katch, F.I., and Katch, V.L. (2007). Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, & Human Performance, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607108322399","article-title":"Analysis of estimation methods for resting metabolic rate in critically ill adults","volume":"33","author":"Frankenfield","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0625-0","article-title":"Metabolic Effects of Interventions to Increase Exercise in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"50","author":"Conn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Manore, M.M., Meyer, N.L., and Thompson, J. (2009). Sport Nutrition for Health and Performance, Human Kinetics. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/51.2.241","article-title":"A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals","volume":"51","author":"Mifflin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2016.03.018","article-title":"Cross-validation of resting metabolic rate prediction equations","volume":"116","author":"Flack","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S000708740001195X","article-title":"Lavoisier and the caloric theory","volume":"6","author":"Morris","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br. J. Hist. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(88)90110-2","article-title":"The theoretical bases of indirect calorimetry: A review","volume":"37","author":"Ferrannini","year":"1988","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2005.02.005","article-title":"Comparison of predictive equations for resting metabolic rate in healthy nonobese and obese adults: A systematic review","volume":"105","author":"Frankenfield","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Deng, Y., Scott, B., and St Jeor, S.T. (November, January 29). Comparison of Resting Metabolic Rates Between Predictive Equations and Portable Indirect Calorimeter. Proceedings of the Obesity Society, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"004","article-title":"Personalized indirect calorimeter for energy expenditure (EE) measurement","volume":"2","author":"Xian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. J. Obes. Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1053\/jada.2003.50116","article-title":"A new handheld device for measuring resting metabolic rate and oxygen consumption","volume":"103","author":"Nieman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390A","DOI":"10.1021\/es962399q","article-title":"Peer reviewed: Tracking the distribution of persistent organic pollutants","volume":"30","author":"Wania","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802527","article-title":"Thermogenesis and weight loss in obese individuals: A primary association with organochlorine pollution","volume":"28","author":"Tremblay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/67.1.46","article-title":"Associations between weight loss-induced changes in plasma organochlorine concentrations, serum T3 concentration, and resting metabolic rate","volume":"67","author":"Pelletier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01796863","article-title":"Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB): Effect on mitochondrial enzyme systems","volume":"6","author":"Pardini","year":"1971","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E574","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00394.2001","article-title":"Weight loss-induced rise in plasma pollutant is associated with reduced skeletal muscle oxidative capacity","volume":"282","author":"Imbeault","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s004200000213","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of persistent organochlorines in relation to thyrotropin and thyroid hormone levels in women","volume":"74","author":"Hagmar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.58.3.172","article-title":"Association between serum concentrations of hexachlorobenzene and polychlorobiphenyls with thyroid hormone and liver enzymes in a sample of the general population","volume":"58","author":"Sala","year":"2001","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4605","DOI":"10.1021\/cr0206420","article-title":"Atmospheric degradation of volatile organic compounds","volume":"103","author":"Atkinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2011.01.005","article-title":"Exposure to major volatile organic compounds and carbonyls in European indoor environments and associated health risk","volume":"37","author":"Sarigiannis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010). WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants, WHO."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/38.1.60","article-title":"Ion-trap detection of volatile organic compounds in alveolar breath","volume":"38","author":"Phillips","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1949.sp004363","article-title":"New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism","volume":"109","author":"Weir","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.06.001","article-title":"A pocket-sized metabolic analyzer for assessment of resting energy expenditure","volume":"33","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.01.068","article-title":"Aging effect of a molecularly imprinted polymer on a quartz tuning fork sensor for detection of volatile organic compounds","volume":"211","author":"Deng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, Y., Chen, C., Xian, X., Tsow, F., Verma, G., McConnell, R., Fruin, S., Tao, N., and Forzani, E.S. (2016). A Novel Wireless Wearable Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Monitoring Device with Disposable Sensors. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16122060"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.7b00518","article-title":"Adsorption Thermodynamic Analysis of a Quartz Tuning Fork Based Sensor for Volatile Organic Compounds Detection","volume":"2","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, Y., Chen, C., Tsow, F., Xian, X., and Forzani, E. (2016, January 16\u201320). Unraveling Fabrication and Calibration of Wearable Gas Monitor for Use under Free-Living Conditions. Proceedings of the 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2016.7591825"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Rosner\u2019s, B. (2011). Hypothesis Testing: Two-Sample Inference\u2014Estimation of Sample Size and Power for Comparing Two Means. Fundamentals of Biostatistics, Brooks\/Cole, Cengage Learning. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.01.048","article-title":"A new sensor for the assessment of personal exposure to volatile organic compounds","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"United States Enviromental Protection Agency (2018, June 26). Improving Indoor Air Quality, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/indoor-air-quality-iaq\/improving-indoor-air-quality."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Mudarri, D.H., and United States Enviromental Protection Agency (2018, June 26). Building Codes and Indoor Air Quality, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/indoor-air-quality-iaq\/building-codes-and-indoor-air-quality."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1978.10479237","article-title":"The hat matrix in regression and ANOVA","volume":"32","author":"Hoaglin","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. Stat."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.09.010","article-title":"Global comparison of VOC and CO observations in urban areas","volume":"44","author":"Monks","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1029\/2009EO520001","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds in the global atmosphere","volume":"90","author":"Helmig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/8\/2670\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:18:41Z","timestamp":1760195921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/8\/2670"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,14]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s18082670"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18082670","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,14]]}}}