{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T10:58:16Z","timestamp":1772362696863,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,27]],"date-time":"2018-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PBS3\/B9\/43\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PBS3\/B9\/43\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The existing methods for measuring the shape of the human body in motion are limited in their practical application owing to immaturity, complexity, and\/or high price. Therefore, we propose a method based on structured light supported by multispectral separation to achieve multidirectional and parallel acquisition. Single-frame fringe projection is employed in this method for detailed geometry reconstruction. An extended phase unwrapping method adapted for measurement of the human body is also proposed. This method utilizes local fringe parameter information to identify the optimal unwrapping path for reconstruction. Subsequently, we present a prototype 4DBODY system with a working volume of 2.0 \u00d7 1.5 \u00d7 1.5 m3, a measurement uncertainty less than 0.5 mm and an average spatial resolution of 1.0 mm for three-dimensional (3D) points. The system consists of eight directional 3D scanners functioning synchronously with an acquisition frequency of 120 Hz. The efficacy of the proposed system is demonstrated by presenting the measurement results obtained for known geometrical objects moving at various speeds as well actual human movements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18092827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,27]],"date-time":"2018-08-27T10:56:04Z","timestamp":1535367364000},"page":"2827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Structured-Light-Based System for Shape Measurement of the Human Body in Motion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Liberadzki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. \u015aw. Andrzeja Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Adamczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. \u015aw. Andrzeja Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Witkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. \u015aw. Andrzeja Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8156-5462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Sitnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. \u015aw. Andrzeja Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.05.015","article-title":"Accident or homicide\u2014Virtual crime scene reconstruction using 3D methods","volume":"225","author":"Buck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Se, P., and Jasiobedzki, P. (2005, January 21\u201323). Instant scene modeler for crime scene reconstruction. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"889","article-title":"Hierarchical, three-dimensional measurement system for crime scene documentation","volume":"2017","author":"Adamczyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2007.06.003","article-title":"Documentation of cultural heritage using digital photogrammetry and laser scanning","volume":"8","author":"Yastikli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2013.11.009","article-title":"Efficiently capturing large, complex cultural heritage sites with a handheld mobile 3D laser mapping system","volume":"15","author":"Zlot","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"021115","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.51.2.021115","article-title":"Archiving shape and appearance of cultural heritage objects using structured light projection and multispectral imaging","volume":"51","author":"Sitnik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sitnik, R., M\u0105czkowski, G., and Krzes\u0142owski, J. (2010, January 8\u201313). Calculation methods for digital model creation based on integrated shape, color and angular reflectivity measurement. Proceedings of the 2010 Euro-Mediterranean Conference: Digital Heritage, Lemessos, Cyprus.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-16873-4_2"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2007.225","article-title":"3D body scanning and healthcare applications","volume":"40","author":"Treleaven","year":"2007","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"056015","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.17.5.056015","article-title":"Automatic recognition of surface landmarks of anatomical structures of back and posture","volume":"17","author":"Glinkowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"153","article-title":"3D diagnostic system for anatomical structures detection based on a parameterized method of body surface analysis","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Kawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Information Technologies in Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2012.04.001","article-title":"An endoscopic 3D scanner based on structured light","volume":"16","author":"Schmalz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kontogianni, G., and Georgopoulos, A. (2016, January 7\u20139). Developing and exploiting textured 3D models for a serious game application. Proceedings of the 2016 8th International Conference on Virtual Worlds and Games for Serious Applications (VS-GAMES), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/VS-GAMES.2016.7590344"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szab\u00f3, C., Kore\u010dko, \u0160., and Sobota, B. (December, January 29). Processing 3D scanner data for virtual reality. Proceedings of the 2010 10th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design an Applications, Cairo, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISDA.2010.5687085"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"323","article-title":"3D laser scanners\u2019 techniques overview","volume":"4","author":"Ebrahim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2018, June 27). Human Solution Informational Material. Available online: http:\/\/www.human-solutions.com\/fashion\/front_content.php?idcat=813&lang=7."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall, G.F., and Stutz, G.E. (2011). Handbook of Optical and Laser Scanning, CRC Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/b11090"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"3090","article-title":"Time-of-Flight sensor for respiratory motion gating","volume":"35","author":"Schaller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Phys. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1364\/AOP.3.000128","article-title":"Structured-light 3D surface imaging: A tutorial","volume":"3","author":"Geng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1109\/21.44059","article-title":"Measuring the area and volume of the human body with structured light","volume":"19","author":"Dunn","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Bregler, C., Hertzmann, A., and Biermann, H. (2000, January 13\u201315). Recovering non-rigid 3D shape from image streams. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Hilton Head Island, SC, USA."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Dellaert, F., Seitz, S., Thorpe, C., and Thrun, S. (2000, January 13\u201315). Structure from motion without correspondence. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Hilton Head Island, SC, USA."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, Q., Shan, J., Cheng, H., Yu, Z., Lijuan, B., and Haimei, Z. (2016, January 7\u201310). A method of 3D human-motion capture and reconstruction based on depth information. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation, Harbin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMA.2016.7558558"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceseracciu, E., Sawacha, Z., and Cobelli, C. (2014). Comparison of markerless and marker-based motion capture technologies through simultaneous data collection during gait: Proof of concept. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087640"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Sagawa, R., Ota, Y., Yagi, Y., Furukawa, R., and Asada, N. (October, January 27). Dense 3D reconstruction method using a single pattern for fast moving object. Proceedings of the IEEE 12th International Conference on Computer Vision, Kyoto, Japan."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2012.01.007","article-title":"Review of single-shot 3D shape measurement by phase calculation-based fringe projection techniques","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Griesser, A., Koninckx, T.P., and Van Gool, L. (2004, January 6\u20138). Adaptive real-time 3D acquisition and contour tracking within a multiple structure light system. Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications, Seoul, Korea."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56014","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.18.5.056014","article-title":"Lower body kinematics based on a multidirectional four-dimensional structured light measurement","volume":"18","author":"Lenar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12706","article-title":"Dynamic SfM: Detecting scene changes from image pairs","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Forum"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2008.11.006","article-title":"Generic and real-time structure from motion using local bundle adjustment","volume":"27","author":"Mouragnon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwarz, L.A., Mkhitaryan, A., Mateus, D., and Navab, N. (2011, January 21\u201325). Estimating human 3D pose from Time-of-Flight images based on geodesic distances and optical flow. Proceedings of the Face and Gesture 2011, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2011.5771333"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Sturm, J., Cremers, D., and Lee, D. (2012, January 7\u201312). Real-time human motion tracking using multiple depth cameras. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Vilamoura, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2012.6385968"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721829","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/721829","article-title":"Evaluating the reproducibility of motion analysis scanning of the spine during walking","volume":"2014","author":"Gipsman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Betsch, M., Wild, M., Johnstone, B., Jungbluth, P., Hakimi, M., K\u00fchlmann, B., and Rapp, W. (2013). Evaluation of a novel spine and surface topography system for dynamic spinal curvature analysis during gait. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070581"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"120","article-title":"Dyna: A model of dynamic human shape in motion","volume":"34","author":"Romero","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph. TOG"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Pujades, S., Black, M., and Pons-Moll, G. (2017, January 21\u201326). Detailed, accurate, human shape estimation from clothed 3D scan sequences. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.582"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"35","article-title":"Augmented reality platforms for virtual fitting rooms","volume":"4","author":"Pachoulakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Multimed. Appl."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2018, June 27). Microsoft Informational Material. Available online: https:\/\/developer.microsoft.com\/en-us\/windows\/kinect\/\/hardware."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2018, June 27). DIERS International GmbH Informational Material. Available online: http:\/\/diers.eu\/en\/products\/spine-posture-analysis\/diers-formetric-4d\/."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2889720","article-title":"4D laser camera for accurate patient positioning collision avoidance, image fusion and adaptive approaches during diagnostic and therapeutic procedure","volume":"35","author":"Brahme","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1145\/2766945","article-title":"High-quality streamable free-viewpoint video","volume":"34","author":"Collet","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2018, June 27). Point Grey Informational Material. Available online: https:\/\/eu.ptgrey.com\/grasshopper3-23-mp-mono-usb3-vision-sony-pregius-imx174."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2018, June 27). Casio Information Material. Available online: https:\/\/www.casio.com\/products\/projectors\/slim-projectors\/xj-a242."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3344","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.48.003344","article-title":"Four-dimensional measurement by a single-frame structure light method","volume":"48","author":"Sitnik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1109\/MSPEC.1969.5213896","article-title":"A guided tour of the fast Fourier transform","volume":"6","author":"Bergland","year":"1969","journal-title":"IEEE Spectr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-5956(90)80019-R","article-title":"Spatial-carrier fringe-pattern analysis and its applications to precision interferometry and profilometry: An overview","volume":"1","author":"Takeda","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ind. Metrol."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Ghiglia, D.C., and Pritt, M.D. (1998). Two-Dimensional Phase Unwrapping: Theory, Algorithms, and Software, Wiley-Interscience. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1979.4310076","article-title":"A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms","volume":"9","author":"Otsu","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"109","article-title":"New method of structure light measurement system calibration based on adaptive and effective evaluation of 3-D phase distribution","volume":"5856","author":"Sitnik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Meas. Syst. Ind. Insp. IV"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2018, June 27). VDI\/VDE 2617-6: Accuracy of CMMs\u2014Guideline for the Application of ISO 10360 to CMMs with Optical Distance Sensors. Available online: https:\/\/www.vdi.de\/uploads\/tx_vdirili\/pdf\/9778569.pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2017.04.052","article-title":"3D anthropometric algorithms for the estimation of measurements required for specialized garment design","volume":"85","author":"Markiewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/9\/2827\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:21:23Z","timestamp":1760196083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/9\/2827"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,27]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s18092827"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18092827","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,27]]}}}