{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:29:49Z","timestamp":1772252989055,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,30]],"date-time":"2018-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1380\/12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1380\/12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, ITN-FINESSE, under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie action","award":["722509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["722509"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brillouin-Enhanced Four-Wave-Mixing techniques, which couple four optical beams through Brillouin nonlinearity, have gained popularity in the 1980\u2019s largely owing to their phase conjugation properties. Experiments were mainly conducted in liquid cells. The interest in Brillouin-Enhanced Four-Wave-Mixing has reawakened in the 2000\u2019s, following the quest for dynamically reconfigurable gratings in optical fibers. Termed Brillouin Dynamic Grating this time around, it is, in fact, an acoustic wave, optically generated by stimulated Brillouin scattering process between two pump waves. The acoustic wave either carries the coherent information encoded by the pump beams, or in the case of sensing applications, its properties are determined by the environmental parameters. This information, in turn, is imparted to the third phase-matched optical probe wave through the elasto-optic effect. Over the last decade, this mechanism allowed for the realization of many all-optical signal processing functions and has proven instrumental in distributed sensing applications. This paper describes the basics, as well as the state of the art, of BDG-based applications in optical fibers. It also surveys the efforts being done to carry over these concepts to the photonic chip level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18092863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,30]],"date-time":"2018-08-30T10:30:06Z","timestamp":1535625006000},"page":"2863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Brillouin Dynamic Gratings\u2014A Practical Form of Brillouin Enhanced Four Wave Mixing in Waveguides: The First Decade and Beyond"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7257-4976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arik","family":"Bergman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Institute for Nano-Technology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moshe","family":"Tur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1109\/3.18560","article-title":"A review of Brillouin-enhanced four-wave mixing","volume":"25","author":"Scott","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20785","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.020785","article-title":"Four-wave mixing analysis of Brillouin dynamic grating in a polarization-maintaining fiber: Theory and experiment","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.12.592","article-title":"Stimulated Brillouin scattering and coherent generation of intense hypersonic waves","volume":"12","author":"Chiao","year":"1964","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"197","article-title":"Inversion of wavefront in SMBS of a depolarized pump","volume":"28","author":"Basov","year":"1978","journal-title":"JETP Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.3.001492","article-title":"Beam combination by stimulated Brillouin scattering","volume":"3","author":"Valley","year":"1986","journal-title":"JOSA B"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1109\/3.663441","article-title":"Phase locking via Brillouin-enhanced four-wave-mixing phase conjugation","volume":"34","author":"Bowers","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4018(90)90412-M","article-title":"Observation of Brillouin enhanced four wave mixing in an all-fibre ring resonator","volume":"75","author":"Bayvel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.33.000926","article-title":"All-optical dynamic grating generation based on Brillouin scattering in polarization-maintaining fiber","volume":"33","author":"Song","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01594","article-title":"All-optical signal processing using dynamic Brillouin gratings","volume":"3","author":"Santagiustina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6157","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.006157","article-title":"Tunable and reconfigurable multi-tap microwave photonic filter based on dynamic Brillouin gratings in fibers","volume":"20","author":"Sancho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.201100038","article-title":"Tunable photonic delay lines in optical fibers","volume":"6","author":"Chin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4701","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.38.004701","article-title":"Experimental demonstration of localized Brillouin gratings with low off-peak reflectivity established by perfect Golomb codes","volume":"38","author":"Antman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2848","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.33.002848","article-title":"Frequency-shifted light storage via stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers","volume":"33","author":"Kalosha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10039","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.010039","article-title":"Chirped Brillouin dynamic gratings for storing and compressing light","volume":"21","author":"Winful","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4290","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.004290","article-title":"Multichannel optical filters with an ultranarrow bandwidth based on sampled Brillouin dynamic gratings","volume":"22","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.002967","article-title":"Sub-MHz ultrahigh-resolution optical spectrometry based on Brillouin dynamic gratings","volume":"39","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.35.000193","article-title":"Truly distributed birefringence measurement of polarization-maintaining fibers based on transient Brillouin grating","volume":"35","author":"Dong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3153","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.003153","article-title":"Characterization of distributed modal birefringence in a few-mode fiber based on Brillouin dynamic grating","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2010.2050763","article-title":"Time-domain distributed fiber sensor with 1 cm spatial resolution based on Brillouin dynamic grating","volume":"28","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2011.2126568","article-title":"Sub-centimeter spatial resolution in distributed fiber sensing based on dynamic Brillouin grating in optical fibers","volume":"12","author":"Chin","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5003","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.40.005003","article-title":"High-sensitivity distributed transverse load sensor with an elliptical-core fiber based on Brillouin dynamic gratings","volume":"40","author":"Dong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4413","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.41.004413","article-title":"Temperature-compensated distributed hydrostatic pressure sensor with a thin-diameter polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber based on Brillouin dynamic gratings","volume":"41","author":"Teng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5593","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2016.2623333","article-title":"Coding-enhanced ultrafast and distributed Brillouin dynamic gratings sensing using coherent detection","volume":"34","author":"Bergman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5376","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.005376","article-title":"Phase-based, high spatial resolution and distributed, static and dynamic strain sensing using Brillouin dynamic gratings in optical fibers","volume":"25","author":"Bergman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15819","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15819","article-title":"On-chip inter-modal Brillouin scattering","volume":"8","author":"Kittlaus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17292","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.017292","article-title":"Mapping of intermodal beat length distribution in an elliptical-core two-mode fiber based on Brillouin dynamic grating","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.34.001126","article-title":"Correlation-based distributed measurement of a dynamic grating spectrum generated in stimulated Brillouin scattering in a polarization-maintaining optical fiber","volume":"34","author":"Zou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.37.000893","article-title":"Dynamic Brillouin gratings permanently sustained by chaotic lasers","volume":"37","author":"Santagiustina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7807","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.007807","article-title":"Localized and stationary dynamic gratings via stimulated Brillouin scattering with phase modulated pumps","volume":"20","author":"Antman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1109\/3.81397","article-title":"Theory of forward stimulated Brillouin scattering in dual-mode single-core fibers","volume":"27","author":"Russell","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Boyd, R.W. (2008). Nonlinear Optics, Academic. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2958","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.35.002958","article-title":"Observation of narrowband intrinsic spectra of Brillouin dynamic gratings","volume":"35","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2014.2371473","article-title":"Dynamic and distributed slope-assisted fiber strain sensing based on optical time-domain analysis of Brillouin dynamic gratings","volume":"33","author":"Bergman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1364\/AOP.2.000001","article-title":"Stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers","volume":"2","author":"Kobyakov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Agrawal, G. (2001). Nonlinear Fiber Optics, Academic. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"011008","article-title":"Giant enhancement of stimulated Brillouin scattering in the subwavelength limit","volume":"2","author":"Rakich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. X"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2005.849945","article-title":"Nonsilica glasses for holey fibers","volume":"23","author":"Feng","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4686","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.36.004686","article-title":"Operation of Brillouin dynamic grating in single-mode optical fibers","volume":"36","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2017.2702169","article-title":"Beat Noise Reduction by Fast Optical Switching in Brillouin Grating-Based FMCW Reflectometry","volume":"29","author":"Takada","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5235","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.57.005235","article-title":"Beat noise reduction utilizing the transient acoustic-wave response of an optical fiber in Brillouin grating-based optical low coherence reflectometry","volume":"57","author":"Takada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14771","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.014771","article-title":"All-optical generation of Brillouin dynamic grating based on multiple acoustic modes in a single-mode dispersion-shifted fiber","volume":"21","author":"Zou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4660","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.37.004660","article-title":"All-optical Brillouin dynamic grating generation in few-mode optical fiber","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32489","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.032489","article-title":"Formal selection rules for Brillouin scattering in integrated waveguides and structured fibers","volume":"22","author":"Wolff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1079280","article-title":"Photonic crystal fibers","volume":"299","author":"Russell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys315","article-title":"Stimulated Brillouin scattering from multi-GHz-guided acoustic phonons in nanostructured photonic crystal fibres","volume":"2","author":"Dainese","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.38.000305","article-title":"Observation of Brillouin dynamic grating in a photonic chip","volume":"38","author":"Pant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1364\/AOP.5.000536","article-title":"Inducing and harnessing stimulated Brillouin scattering in photonic integrated circuits","volume":"5","author":"Eggleton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2016.112","article-title":"Large Brillouin amplification in silicon","volume":"10","author":"Kittlaus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2015.11","article-title":"Interaction between light and highly confined hypersound in a silicon photonic nanowire","volume":"9","author":"Kuyken","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kittlaus, E.A., Otterstrom, N.T., Kharel, P., Gertler, S., and Rakich, P.T. (2018, January 13\u201318). Nonreciprocal Modulation via Intermodal Brillouin Scattering in a Silicon Waveguide. Proceedings of the CLEO: Science and Innovations, SM1I-8, San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1364\/CLEO_SI.2018.SM1I.8"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4411","DOI":"10.3390\/ma7064411","article-title":"Materials development for next generation optical fiber","volume":"7","author":"Ballato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.12.002053","article-title":"Femtosecond measurement of enhanced optical nonlinearities of sulfide glasses and heavy-metal-doped oxide glasses","volume":"12","author":"Kang","year":"1995","journal-title":"JOSA B"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6583","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.19.6583","article-title":"Brillouin scattering measurements on optical glasses","volume":"19","author":"Heiman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1063\/1.100697","article-title":"Nonlinear optical susceptibilities of high-index glasses","volume":"54","author":"Hall","year":"1989","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3568","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.11.003568","article-title":"Highly nonlinear and anomalously dispersive lead silicate glass holey fibers","volume":"11","author":"Petropoulos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5082","DOI":"10.1364\/OPEX.12.005082","article-title":"Bismuth glass holey fibers with high nonlinearity","volume":"12","author":"Petropoulos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2005.02.022","article-title":"Z-scan study of third-order optical nonlinearities in bismuth-based glasses","volume":"250","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033115","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2434940","article-title":"Third-order nonlinear optical properties of bismuth-borate glasses measured by conventional and thermally managed eclipse Z scan","volume":"101","author":"Gomes","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaauregui, C., Ono, H., Petropoulos, P., and Richardson, D.J. (2006, January 5\u201310). Four-fold reduction in the speed of light at practical power levels using Brillouin scattering in a 2-m bismuth-oxide fiber. Proceedings of the Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Anaheim, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/OFC.2006.216038"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.30.001698","article-title":"Experimental comparison of a Kerr nonlinearity figure of merit including the stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold for state-of-the-art nonlinear optical fibers","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3093(96)00395-X","article-title":"Third-order optical non-linearity of Bi2O3-based glasses","volume":"204","author":"Nasu","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11766","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.14.011766","article-title":"Stimulated Brillouin scattering in single-mode tellurite glass fiber","volume":"14","author":"Abedin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2008.03.005","article-title":"A study of nonlinear optical properties in Bi2O3\u2013WO3\u2013TeO2 glasses","volume":"354","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2011.309","article-title":"Chalcogenide photonics","volume":"5","author":"Eggleton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Vogel, W., and Lense, E. (1985). Chemistry of Glass, American Ceramic Society."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.1984.1073657","article-title":"Chalcogenide glass fibers for mid-infrared transmission","volume":"2","author":"Kanamori","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2016.2613558","article-title":"Advanced integrated microwave signal processing with giant on-chip Brillouin gain","volume":"35","author":"Choudhary","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5112","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.37.005112","article-title":"Stimulated Brillouin scattering amplification in centimeter-long directly written chalcogenide waveguides","volume":"37","author":"Levy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katzman, M., Munk, D., Hen, M., Bergman, A., Oksman, M., Kaganovskii, Y., Rosenbluh, M., and Zadok, A. (2018, January 13\u201318). Four-Wave Mixing in Highly Nonlinear Chalcogenide Glass-in-Silica Waveguides. Proceedings of the CLEO: Applications and Technology, San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1364\/CLEO_AT.2018.JTu2A.63"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11652","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.011652","article-title":"Cascaded Mach-Zehnder wavelength filters in silicon photonics for low loss and flat pass-band WDM (de-) multiplexing","volume":"21","author":"Horst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6284","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.006284","article-title":"High quality factor etchless silicon photonic ring resonators","volume":"19","author":"Luo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2010.185","article-title":"Nonlinear silicon photonics","volume":"4","author":"Leuthold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4584","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200801552","article-title":"A High-Optical Quality Supramolecular Assembly for Third-Order Integrated Nonlinear Optics","volume":"20","author":"Esembeson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.4.000847","article-title":"Compact Brillouin devices through hybrid integration on silicon","volume":"4","author":"Morrison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5976","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.005976","article-title":"Nonlinear silicon-on-insulator waveguides for all-optical signal processing","volume":"15","author":"Koos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1097","article-title":"Enhancement of nonlinear effects using photonic crystals","volume":"3","author":"Joannopoulos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6396","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7396","article-title":"Enhancing and inhibiting stimulated Brillouin scattering in photonic integrated circuits","volume":"6","author":"Merklein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"013836","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.92.013836","article-title":"Stimulated Brillouin scattering in integrated photonic waveguides: Forces, scattering mechanisms, and coupled-mode analysis","volume":"92","author":"Wolff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.34.002590","article-title":"Distributed temperature sensing based on birefringence effect on transient Brillouin grating in a polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber","volume":"34","author":"Dong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1149066","article-title":"Stored light in an optical fiber via stimulated Brillouin scattering","volume":"318","author":"Zhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chin, S., Primerov, N., and Th\u00e9venaz, L. (2010, January 19\u201323). Photonic delay line for broadband optical signals, based on dynamic grating reflectors in fibers. Proceedings of the European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication, Torino, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECOC.2010.5621406"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Th\u00e9venaz, L. (2011). Advanced Fiber Optics\u2014Concepts and Technology, EPFL Press."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"405","article-title":"Measurement of Brillouin Gain Spectrum Distribution along an Optical Fiber Using a Correlation-Based Technique\u2014Proposal, Experiment and Simulation","volume":"83","author":"Hotate","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Electron."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2015.09.013","article-title":"State of the art of Brillouin fiber-optic distributed sensing","volume":"78","author":"Motil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2013.2297168","article-title":"Spatial resolution improvement in correlation domain distributed measurement of Brillouin grating","volume":"26","author":"Yamashita","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.9746\/jcmsi.1.271","article-title":"Range-enlargement of simplified Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis based on a temporal gating scheme","volume":"1","author":"Hotate","year":"2008","journal-title":"SICE J. Control Meas. Syst. Integr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5259","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.37.005259","article-title":"Low-noise delays from dynamic Brillouin gratings based on perfect Golomb coding of pump waves","volume":"37","author":"Antman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Porat, B. (1994). Digital Signal Processing of Random Signals, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12070","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.012070","article-title":"Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis with 4 mm resolution based on amplified spontaneous emission","volume":"22","author":"Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023901","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.92.023901","article-title":"Filtered optical feedback induced frequency dynamics in semiconductor lasers","volume":"92","author":"Fischer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19180-w","article-title":"Optimized chaotic Brillouin dynamic grating with filtered optical feedback","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5138","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.38.005138","article-title":"Enhanced spontaneous backscattering in Brillouin dynamic gratings","volume":"38","author":"Yaron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Yaron, L., Shahmoon, E., Bergman, A., Langer, T., and Tur, M. (October, January 28). Spontaneous anti-Stokes backscattering in Brillouin dynamic gratings. Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors, Curitiba, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3643","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.41.003643","article-title":"High spatial resolution, low-noise Brillouin dynamic gratings reflectometry based on digital pulse compression","volume":"41","author":"Bergman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soto, M.A., Denisov, A., Angulo-Vinuesa, X., Martin-Lopez, S., Th\u00e9venaz, L., and Gonzalez-Herraez, M. (2017, January 24\u201328). Highly-sensitive distributed birefringence measurements based on a two-pulse interrogation of a dynamic Brillouin grating. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors, Jeju, Korea.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2267471"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levanon, N., and Mozeson, E. (2004). Radar Signals, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471663085"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122503","DOI":"10.7567\/APEX.6.122503","article-title":"Spectral analysis of Brillouin dynamic grating based on heterodyne detection","volume":"6","author":"Zou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Express"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sengupta, D., Santagiustina, M., Chiarello, F., and Palmieri, L. (2014, January 5). Generation of dynamic Brillouin grating in polarization maintaining fiber. Proceedings of the Photonics Applications for Aviation, Aerospace, Commercial, and Harsh Environments V, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2068215"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5866","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.005866","article-title":"Distributed characterization of localized and stationary dynamic Brillouin gratings in polarization maintaining optical fibers","volume":"24","author":"Chiarello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3993","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.55.003993","article-title":"Coherent frequency-modulated continuous wave reflectometry for measuring stationary Brillouin grating induced under uniform pumping by counterpropagating nonmodulated light waves","volume":"55","author":"Takada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2016.3947","article-title":"Ultra-high spatial resolution Brillouin grating measurement using OLCR","volume":"53","author":"Takada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2013.2287219","article-title":"All-optical signal processing","volume":"32","author":"Willner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2010.2047941","article-title":"Ultrafast analog all-optical signal processors based on fiber-grating devices","volume":"2","author":"Azana","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11218","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.011218","article-title":"Phase-shifted Brillouin dynamic gratings using single pump phase-modulation: Proof of concept","volume":"24","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3268","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2016.2617313","article-title":"Applications of brillouin dynamic grating to distributed fiber sensors","volume":"35","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1109\/50.633570","article-title":"Brillouin gain spectrum characterization in single-mode optical fibers","volume":"15","author":"Nikles","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1109\/68.54703","article-title":"A technique to measure distributed strain in optical fibers","volume":"2","author":"Horiguchi","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.001248","article-title":"Complete discrimination of strain and temperature using Brillouin frequency shift and birefringence in a polarization-maintaining fiber","volume":"17","author":"Zou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergman, A., Langer, T., and Tur, M. (2015, January 20\u201322). Slope-assisted complementary-correlation optical time-domain analysis of Brillouin dynamic gratings for high sensitivity, high spatial resolution, fast and distributed fiber strain sensing. Proceedings of the Fifth Asia-Pacific Optical Sensors Conference, Jeju, Korea.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2185279"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2015.28","article-title":"Silicon nanophotonics: Good vibrations for light","volume":"9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10697","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.010697","article-title":"Monitoring the propagation of mechanical waves using an optical fiber distributed and dynamic strain sensor based on BOTDA","volume":"21","author":"Peled","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2364072","article-title":"Structural damage identification in an aluminum composite plate by Brillouin sensing","volume":"15","author":"Minardo","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2008.926894","article-title":"Acousto-ultrasonic optical fiber sensors: Overview and state-of-the-art","volume":"8","author":"Wild","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"Bergman, A., Langer, T., and Tur, M. (2016, January 3). Towards a Distributed Acousto-Ultrasonic Optical Fiber Sensor Using Brillouin Dynamic Gratings. Proceedings of the Optical Engineering Conference, Jerusalem, Israel."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"094006","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/24\/9\/094006","article-title":"Fibre-optic strain sensors are making the leap from lab to industrial use\u2014Reliability and validation as a precondition for standards","volume":"24","author":"Habel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.33.000488","article-title":"Control of four-wave mixing phase-matching condition using the Brillouin slow-light effect in fibers","volume":"33","author":"Mateo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2013.2251998","article-title":"Dynamic control of phase matching in four-wave mixing wavelength conversion of amplitude-and phase-modulated signals","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/9\/2863\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:22:08Z","timestamp":1760196128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/9\/2863"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,30]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s18092863"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18092863","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201808.0181.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,30]]}}}