{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T21:56:22Z","timestamp":1772834182473,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]],"date-time":"2018-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20803014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20803014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Novel Ni-doped wurtzite ZnS nanospheres decorated with Au nanoparticles (Au NPs\u2013ZnS NSs) have been successfully fabricated using a simple method involving vacuum evaporation followed by an annealing process. This transition metal-doped gas sensor had high responsivity, extremely fast response and recovery time, and excellent selectivity to formaldehyde at room temperature. The response and recovery time are only 29 s and 2 s, respectively. Since ZnS is transformed into ZnO at a high temperature, superior room temperature-sensing performance can improve the stability and service life of the sensor. The improvement in sensing performance could be attributed to the reduced charge-transfer distance resulting from the creation of a local charge reservoir layer, and the catalytic and spillover effect of Au nanoparticles. The rough and porous spherical structure can also facilitate the detection and diffusion of gases. The as-prepared Au NPs\u2013ZnS NSs are considered to be an extremely promising candidate material for gas sensors, and are expected to have other potential applications in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18092882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]],"date-time":"2018-08-31T10:57:52Z","timestamp":1535713072000},"page":"2882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Ni-Doped ZnS Nanospheres Decorated with Au Nanoparticles for Highly Improved Gas Sensor Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Furu","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Autonomous Region, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1470-5648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaofeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Autonomous Region, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jixi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Autonomous Region, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dianzeng","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Autonomous Region, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.10.089","article-title":"A Sub-ppm Level Formaldehyde Gas Sensor Based on Zn-Doped Nio Prepared by a Co-Precipitation Route","volume":"731","author":"Fomekong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.6b00008","article-title":"E-Nose Sensing of Low-ppb Formaldehyde in Gas Mixtures at High Relative Humidity for Breath Screening of Lung Cancer?","volume":"1","author":"Guntner","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.3313","article-title":"Tuneable Luminescence Properties of Edta-Assisted ZnS:Mn Nanocrystals from a Yellow-Orange to a Red Emission Band","volume":"32","author":"Viswanath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Luminescence"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2017.2681805","article-title":"Continuous Wave Operation of SiO2 Sandwiched Colloidal CdSe\/ZnS Quantum-Dot Microdisk Lasers","volume":"23","author":"Chien","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.2924","article-title":"Is the Fracto-Mechanoluminescence of Zns:Mn Phosphor Dominated by Charged Dislocation Mechanism or Piezoelectrification Mechanism?","volume":"31","author":"Chandra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Luminescence"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2015.08.035","article-title":"Uncovering the Charge Transfer and Recombination Mechanism in Zns-Coated Pbs Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells","volume":"122","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.07.076","article-title":"Synthesis, Structure, and Uv-Enhanced Gas Sensing Properties of Au-Functionalized Zns Nanowires","volume":"188","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.01.179","article-title":"Au Nanoparticles Decorated Zns Hollow Spheres for Highly Improved Gas Sensor Performances","volume":"245","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.09.128","article-title":"Highly Reactive 0D Zns Nanospheres and Nanoparticles for Formaldehyde Gas-Sensing Properties","volume":"239","author":"Hussain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-016-0042-7","article-title":"Light-Activated NO2 Gas Sensing of the Networked CuS-Decorated ZnS Nanowire Gas Sensor","volume":"122","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2017.10.021","article-title":"Room-Temperature Gas Sensing of ZnO-Based Gas Sensor: A Review","volume":"267","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"080304","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.56.080304","article-title":"Room Temperature Ethanol Sensor Based on ZnO Prepared Via Laser Ablation in Water","volume":"56","author":"Kondo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.10.085","article-title":"Room Temperature H2S Gas Sensor Based on Rather Aligned ZnO Nanorods with Flower-Like Structures","volume":"207","author":"Hosseini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30539","DOI":"10.3390\/s151229816","article-title":"Single ZnO Nanowire-Based Gas Sensors to Detect Low Concentrations of Hydrogen","volume":"15","author":"Rios","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16801","DOI":"10.3390\/s131216801","article-title":"Effect of Embedded Pd Microstructures on the Flat-Band-Voltage Operation of Room Temperature ZnO-Based Liquid Petroleum Gas Sensors","volume":"13","author":"Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6845","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm16523f","article-title":"Gas Sensors, Thermistor and Photodetector Based on ZnS Nanowires","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b13601","article-title":"Arrays of Ultrathin CdS Nanoflakes with High-Energy Surface for Efficient Gas Detection","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44547","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA06531J","article-title":"Highly Selective and Sensitive CdS Thin Film Sensors for Detection of NO2 Gas","volume":"4","author":"Navale","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.11.004","article-title":"A Review on Human Health Consequences of Metals Exposure to E-Waste in China","volume":"196","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Envirn. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphys.2015.09.001","article-title":"Long-Lived Emission in Mn Doped CdS, ZnS, and Znse Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor Quantum Dots","volume":"461","author":"Proshchenko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4938","DOI":"10.1021\/la7035289","article-title":"Evolutionary Screening of Biomimetic Coatings for Selective Detection of Explosives","volume":"24","author":"Jaworski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.05.023","article-title":"SnSO4 Modified ZnO Nanostructure for Highly Sensitive and Selective Formaldehyde Detection","volume":"225","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, T., Lv, X., Li, S., and Wang, Q. (2017). The Morphologies of the Semiconductor Oxides and Their Gas-Sensing Properties. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122779"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-018-1629-y","article-title":"Noble Metal (Pt or Au)-Doped Monolayer MoS2 as a Promising Adsorbent and Gas-Sensing Material to SO2, SOF2 and SO2F2: A Dft Study","volume":"124","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.04.061","article-title":"Au\/Mox (M = Zn, Ti) Nanocomposites as Highly Efficient Catalytic Filters for Chemical Gas Sensing at Room Temperature and in Humid Atmosphere","volume":"249","author":"Jonca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4578","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201600592","article-title":"Contactless and Rapid Discrimination of Improvised Explosives Realized by Mn2+ Doping Tailored ZnS Nanocrystals","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1116505","article-title":"Jumping, Nanodroplets","volume":"309","author":"Habenicht","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200905089","article-title":"All-Organic Vapor Sensor Using Inkjet-Printed Reduced Graphene Oxide","volume":"49","author":"Dua","year":"2010","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1021\/nl034220x","article-title":"Carbon Nanotube Sensors for Gas and Organic Vapor Detection","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"712A","article-title":"Limit of Detection a Closer Look at the IUPAC Definition","volume":"55","author":"Long","year":"1983","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2016.03.165","article-title":"Structural Evolution and Optical Properties of Oxidized ZnS Microrods","volume":"676","author":"Trung","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2013.01.074","article-title":"Synthesis of Fe2O3 Nanoparticles for Nitrogen Dioxide Gas Sensing Applications","volume":"39","author":"Navale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2015.05.003","article-title":"Doping Effect of In2O3 on Structural and Ethanol-Sensing Characteristics of ZnO Nanotubes Fabricated by Electrospinning","volume":"349","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.04.074","article-title":"Nanoparticles-Assembled CO3O4 Nanorods P-Type Nanomaterials: One-Pot Synthesis and Toluene-Sensing Properties","volume":"201","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014405811371","article-title":"Conduction Model of Metal Oxide Gas Sensors","volume":"7","author":"Barsan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Electroceram."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251105","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1954883","article-title":"Surface-Plasmon-Mediated Emission from Metal-Capped Zno Thin Films","volume":"86","author":"Lai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(03)00410-6","article-title":"Physico-Chemical Contribution of Gold Metallic Particles to the Action of Oxygen on Tin Dioxide Sensors","volume":"95","author":"Montmeat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.11.152","article-title":"Au Decorated ZnO Hierarchical Architectures: Facile Synthesis, Tunable Morphology and Enhanced CO Detection at Room Temperature","volume":"243","author":"Arunkumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16199","DOI":"10.1021\/jp906458b","article-title":"Au Decorated Zinc Oxide Nanowires for CO Sensing","volume":"113","author":"Joshi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.03.024","article-title":"Facile Synthesis of Highly Ethanol-Sensitive SnO2 Nanoparticles","volume":"139","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/9\/2882\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:22:24Z","timestamp":1760196144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/9\/2882"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s18092882"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18092882","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]]}}}