{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T12:04:29Z","timestamp":1777550669689,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]],"date-time":"2018-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, NWO Vidi grant","award":["864.09.001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["864.09.001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Top-down estimates of surface NOX emissions were derived for 23 European cities based on the downwind plume decay of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) columns from the LOTOS-EUROS (Long Term Ozone Simulation-European Ozone Simulation) chemistry transport model (CTM) and from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) satellite retrievals, averaged for the summertime period (April\u2013September) during 2013. Here we show that the top-down NOX emissions derived from LOTOS-EUROS for European urban areas agree well with the bottom-up NOX emissions from the MACC-III inventory data (R2 = 0.88) driving the CTM demonstrating the potential of this method. OMI top-down NOX emissions over the 23 European cities are generally lower compared with the MACC-III emissions and their correlation is slightly lower (R2 = 0.79). The uncertainty on the derived NO2 lifetimes and NOX emissions are on average ~55% for OMI and ~63% for LOTOS-EUROS data. The downwind NO2 plume method applied on both LOTOS-EUROS and OMI tropospheric NO2 columns allows to estimate NOX emissions from urban areas, demonstrating that this is a useful method for real-time updates of urban NOX emissions with reasonable accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18092893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]],"date-time":"2018-08-31T10:57:52Z","timestamp":1535713072000},"page":"2893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Top-Down NOX Emissions of European Cities Based on the Downwind Plume of Modelled and Space-Borne Tropospheric NO2 Columns"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7222-5212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Willem W.","family":"Verstraeten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (RMI), Ukkel, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), 3731 GA De Bilt, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Environmental Sciences Group, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4591-7635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaas Folkert","family":"Boersma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), 3731 GA De Bilt, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Environmental Sciences Group, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Douros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), 3731 GA De Bilt, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason E.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), 3731 GA De Bilt, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henk","family":"Eskes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), 3731 GA De Bilt, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0357-0274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universities Space Research Association (USRA), GESTAR, Columbia, MD 21046, USA"},{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Beirle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Chemie, 55128 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Delcloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (RMI), Ukkel, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408254","article-title":"Air Pollution and Mortality in Seven Million Adults: The Dutch Environmental Longitudinal Study (DUELS)","volume":"123","author":"Fischer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. 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