{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T11:24:11Z","timestamp":1767612251703,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]],"date-time":"2018-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61671193","61673267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61671193","61673267"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017599","name":"Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018C04012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018C04012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017599","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and technology platform construction project of Fujian science and Technology Department","award":["2015Y2001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015Y2001"]}]},{"name":"Acoustics Science and Technology Laboratory of Harbin Engineering University","award":["SSKF2017001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SSKF2017001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mental rotation is generally analyzed based on event-related potential (ERP) in a time domain with several characteristic electrodes, but neglects the whole spatial-temporal brain pattern in the cognitive process which may reflect the underlying cognitive mechanism. In this paper, we mainly proposed an approach based on microstates to examine the encoding of mental rotation from the spatial-temporal changes of EEG signals. In particular, we collected EEG data from 11 healthy subjects in a mental rotation cognitive task using 12 different stimulus pictures representing left and right hands at various rotational angles. We applied the microstate method to investigate the microstates conveyed by the event-related potential extracted from EEG data during mental rotation, and obtained four microstate modes (referred to as modes A, B, C, D, respectively). Subsequently, we defined several measures, including microstate sequences, topographical map, hemispheric lateralization, and duration of microstate, to characterize the dynamics of microstates during mental rotation. We observed that (1) the microstates sequence had a specified progressing mode, i.e.,     A \u2192 B \u2192 A    ; (2) the activation of the right parietal occipital region was stronger than that of the left parietal occipital region according to the hemispheric lateralization of the microstates mode A; and (3) the duration of the second microstates mode A showed the shorter duration in the vertical stimuli, named \u201cangle effect\u201d.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18092920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]],"date-time":"2018-09-03T10:50:51Z","timestamp":1535971851000},"page":"2920","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Dynamic EEG Microstates in Mental Rotation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0113-6968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanzeng","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310000, China"},{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technology, Fuzhou 350000, China"}]},{"given":"Luyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5992-0405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianhai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310000, China"}]},{"given":"Qibin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tensor Learning Unit, RIKEN AIP, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7614-7127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junfeng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1126\/science.171.3972.701","article-title":"Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects","volume":"171","author":"Shepard","year":"1971","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.5709\/acp-0187-y","article-title":"Developmental Changes in Mental Rotation: A Dissociation between Object-Based and Egocentric Transformations","volume":"12","author":"Kaltner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3950535","article-title":"The functional significance of ERP effects during mental rotation","volume":"39","author":"Heil","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"135","article-title":"The ERP brain topographic map study on mental rotation of depression","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Behav. Med. Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Yan, J. (2012). Study of Motor Imagery Cognitive Process for Stroke Patients Based on Electroencephalography, Shanghai JiaoTong University."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3940414","article-title":"Toward a chronopsychophysiology of mental rotation","volume":"39","author":"Heil","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e328010ff6b","article-title":"Developmental aspects of parietal hemispheric asymmetry during mental rotation","volume":"18","author":"Heil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200210280-00020","article-title":"Cerebral asymmetry for mental rotation: Effects of response hand, handedness and gender","volume":"13","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.10.018","article-title":"Event-related brain potentials during the visuomotor mental rotation task: The contingent negative variation scales to angle of rotation","volume":"311","author":"Heath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaplan, P.E. (2011). Event-Related Potentials, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-79948-3_26"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s11571-014-9303-3","article-title":"MMN responses during implicit processing of changes in emotional prosody: An ERP study using Chinese pseudo-syllables","volume":"8","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cogn. Neurodyn."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Keating, D.P. (2004). Cognitive and Brain Development, John Wiley & Sons, Inc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1109\/10.391164","article-title":"Segmentation of brain electrical activity into microstates: Model estimation and validation","volume":"42","author":"Pascualmarqui","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Bio-Med. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kikuchi, M., Koenig, T., Munesue, T., Hanaoka, A., Strik, W., Dierks, T., Koshino, Y., and Minabe, Y. (2011). EEG Microstate Analysis in Drug-Naive Patients with Panic Disorder. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022912"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(80)90419-8","article-title":"Reference-free identification of components of checkerboard-evoked multichannel potential fields","volume":"48","author":"Lehmann","year":"1980","journal-title":"Electroencephal. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8760(92)90004-U","article-title":"42-Channel potential map series to visual contrast and stereo stimuli: Perceptual and cognitive event-related segments","volume":"12","author":"Michel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01199778","article-title":"Mapping event-related brain potential microstates to sentence endings","volume":"8","author":"Brandeis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01273178","article-title":"Prestimulus EEG microstates influence visual event-related potential microstates in field maps with 47 channels","volume":"104","author":"Kondakor","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.1996.0043","article-title":"Microstates in language-related brain potential maps show noun-verb differences","volume":"53","author":"Koenig","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(89)90260-5","article-title":"Segments of ERP map series reveal landscape changes with visual attention and subjective contours","volume":"73","author":"Brandeis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.08.023","article-title":"The functional significance of EEG microstates\u2014Associations with modalities of thinking","volume":"125","author":"Milz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650036","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065716500362","article-title":"Classification of EEG Single Trial Microstates Using Local Global Graphs and Discrete Hidden Markov Models","volume":"26","author":"Michalopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Neural Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn056","article-title":"Right Parietal Brain Activity Precedes Perceptual Alternation of Bistable Stimuli","volume":"19","author":"Britz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.07.054","article-title":"Core networks for visual-concrete and abstract thought content: A brain electric microstate analysis","volume":"49","author":"Lehmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(97)00098-6","article-title":"Brain electric microstates and momentary conscious mind states as building blocks of spontaneous thinking: I. Visual imagery and abstract thoughts","volume":"29","author":"Lehmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-004-0194-z","article-title":"Subsecond changes of global brain state in illusory multistable motion perception","volume":"112","author":"Koenig","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.05.113","article-title":"Discriminative extreme learning machine with supervised sparsity preserving for image classification","volume":"261","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-011-0189-7","article-title":"EEG microstates during resting represent personality differences","volume":"25","author":"Schlegel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.08.057","article-title":"The primary somatosensory cortex contributes to the latest part of the cortical response elicited by nociceptive somatosensory stimuli in humans","volume":"84","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.06.062","article-title":"Information-theoretical analysis of resting state EEG microstate sequences, non-Markovianity, non-stationarity and periodicities","volume":"158","author":"Tagliazucchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dering, B., and Donaldson, D.I. (2016). Dissociating Attention Effects from Categorical Perception with ERP Functional Microstates. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163336"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"753","article-title":"Cognitive Alterations in Motor Imagery Process after Left Hemispheric Ischemic Stroke","volume":"7","author":"Yan","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","article-title":"EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis","volume":"134","author":"Delorme","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19181","DOI":"10.3390\/s150819181","article-title":"Investigating Driver Fatigue versus Alertness Using the Granger Causality Network","volume":"15","author":"Kong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10979","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.20.10979","article-title":"Blind separation of auditory event-related brain responses into independent components","volume":"94","author":"Salem","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10783","DOI":"10.3390\/s130810783","article-title":"Automatic and Direct Identification of Blink Components from Scalp EEG","volume":"13","author":"Kong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00940196","article-title":"Local convergence analysis of a grouped variable version of coordinate descent","volume":"54","author":"Bezdek","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Optim. Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(82)90120-1","article-title":"Spatial principal components of multichannel maps evoked by lateral visual half-field stimuli","volume":"54","author":"Skrandies","year":"1982","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2626(03)00033-2","article-title":"Implicit transfer of motor strategies in mental rotation","volume":"52","author":"Wraga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.04.012","article-title":"The functional role of dorso-lateral premotor cortex during mental rotation: An event-related fMRI study separating cognitive processing steps using a novel task paradigm","volume":"36","author":"Lamm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Chen, H., Guo, X., Lv, Y., and Sun, J. (2014, January 26\u201330). Mental Rotation Process for Mirrored and Identical Stimuli: A Beta-band ERD Study. Proceedings of the 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC\u2019 14), Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00235-0","article-title":"Human motor cortex activity during mental rotation","volume":"20","author":"Windischberger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0677","article-title":"Cortical Activations during the Mental Rotation of Different Visual Objects","volume":"13","author":"Jordan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2626(03)00077-0","article-title":"A high density ERP comparison of mental rotation and mental size transformation","volume":"52","author":"Muthukumaraswamy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.23.3.681","article-title":"A rotation aftereffect changes both the speed and the preferred direction of mental rotation","volume":"23","author":"Heil","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.20.4.709","article-title":"Temporal and kinematic properties of motor behavior reflected in mentally simulated action","volume":"20","author":"Parsons","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/9\/2920\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:18:31Z","timestamp":1760195911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/9\/2920"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s18092920"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18092920","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]]}}}