{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T10:04:00Z","timestamp":1783937040469,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]],"date-time":"2018-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes an adaptive duty-cycled hybrid X-MAC (ADX-MAC) protocol for energy-efficient forest fire prediction. The Asynchronous sensor network protocol, X-MAC protocol, acquires additional environmental status details from each forest fire monitoring sensor for a given period, and then changes the duty-cycle sleep interval to efficiently calculate forest fire occurrence risk according to the environment. Performance was verified experimentally, and the proposed ADX-MAC protocol improved throughput by 19% and was 24% more energy efficient compared to the X-MAC protocol. The duty-cycle was shortened as forest fire probability increased, ensuring forest fires were detected at faster cycle rate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18092960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]],"date-time":"2018-09-06T02:55:07Z","timestamp":1536202507000},"page":"2960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Energy-Efficient Forest Fire Prediction Model Based on Two-Stage Adaptive Duty-Cycled Hybrid X-MAC Protocol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4262-7840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Gu","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Woo","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Woo","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2017, June 25). Statistics Korea. Available online: http:\/\/kostat.go.kr."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2017, June 25). International Forest Fire Symposium, Korea National Forest Science Institute. Available online: http:\/\/www.kfri.go.kr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2011.121","article-title":"Modeling and Performance Analysis for Duty-cycled MAC Protocols with Applications to S-MAC and X-MAC","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"45","article-title":"A Study of Variable Wakeup Period for Duty-cycled MAC protocol in WSN","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Inst. Electron. Eng. Korea"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Buettner, M., Yee, G.V., Anderson, E., and Han, R. (November, January 31). X-MAC: A Short Preamble MAC Protocol for Duty-cycled Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, Boulder, CO, USA."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Kim, J.-H. (2017). Forest Fire Prediction Model Using Weather Data. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Korea University]."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2018, August 20). Korea Forest Service. Available online: http:\/\/www.forest.go.kr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polastre, J., Hill, J., and Culler, D. (2004, January 3\u20135). Versatile Low Power Media Access for Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1031495.1031508"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Kang, J.-G., Kim, G.-Y., Park, S.-H., Lim, D.-W., Kang, H.-G., and Jung, J.-W. (2017, January 1\u20132). According to the Traffic Conditions, Duty-cycle Ratio is Changed Hybrid X-MAC Protocol in Networks. Proceedings of the ITFE Summer Conference, Gangwon, Korea."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weng, C.-E., and Chen, C.-Y. (2012, January 6\u20139). The Performance Study of Optimal Contention Window for IEEE 802.11 DCF Access Control. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE 75th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2012.6240261"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Song, N., Kwak, B., Song, J., and Miller, L.E. (2003, January 22\u201325). Enhancement of IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function with Exponential Increase Exponential Decrease Backoff Algorithm. Proceedings of the IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC), Jeju, Korea."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2018, August 20). Network Simulator Manual. Available online: http:\/\/www.isi.edu\/nsam\/ns\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Fall, K., and Varadhan, K. (2003). The ns Manual (Formerly ns Notes and Documentation), UC Berkeley. The VINT Project."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/9\/2960\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:18:59Z","timestamp":1760195939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/9\/2960"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s18092960"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18092960","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201808.0139.v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201808.0139.v2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]]}}}