{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:03:04Z","timestamp":1770746584755,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]],"date-time":"2018-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The non-contact three-dimensional measurement and reconstruction techniques have played a significant role in the packaging and transportation of precious cultural relics. This paper develops a structured light based three-dimensional measurement system, with a low-cost for cultural relics packaging. The structured light based system performs rapid measurements and generates 3D point cloud data, which is then denoised, registered and merged to achieve accurate 3D reconstruction for cultural relics. The multi-frequency heterodyne method and the method in this paper are compared. It is shown that the relative accuracy of the proposed low-cost system can reach a level of 1\/1000. The high efficiency of the system is demonstrated through experimental results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18092981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]],"date-time":"2018-09-06T10:38:38Z","timestamp":1536230318000},"page":"2981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Structured-Light Based 3D Reconstruction System for Cultural Relic Packaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Limei","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Electrical Engineering and Energy Technology, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China"}]},{"given":"Xinyao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Electrical Engineering and Energy Technology, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China"}]},{"given":"Yan-gang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin 300222, China"}]},{"given":"Xinjun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Electrical Engineering and Energy Technology, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China"}]},{"given":"Qinghua","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Electrical Engineering and Energy Technology, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical, Computer and Tele communications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW2500, Australia"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China packaging &amp; Test Center, Tianjin 300457, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Yan, H.S. (2014, January 1). On the protection and restoration of cultural relics in the medium and small museums. Proceedings of the 12th National Cultural Heritage Restoration Technical Seminar, Guanghan, China. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"148","article-title":"How to protect precious cultural relics in packaging and transportation","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"China Packag. Ind."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"ASTM International (2007). Standard Guide for Transport Packaging Design, ASTM International."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2014.03.023","article-title":"3D reconstruction methods for digital preservation of cultural heritage: A survey","volume":"50","author":"Gomes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Reznicek, J., and Pavelka, K. (2018, September 05). New low-cost 3D scanning techniques for cultural heritage documentation. Available online: http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/summary?doi=10.1.1.614.9015."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Zhao, L., and Li, J. (2012, January 23\u201325). The applications and summary of three dimensional reconstruction based on stereo vision. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Industrial Control and Electronics Engineering, Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICEE.2012.168"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Zhu, J., Wu, D., Fan, W., Chen, T., and Chen, Y. (2014, January 10\u201311). Three-dimensional reconstruction of ancient Chinese architecture. Proceedings of the 2014 6th International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation, Zhangjiajie, China."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1117\/12.633546","article-title":"Compact scanning lidar fluorosensor for cultural heritage diagnostics","volume":"5850","author":"Aristipini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"100","article-title":"Automated Digital Photogrammetry versus the systems based on active 3D sensors","volume":"17","year":"2012","journal-title":"EGA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/phor.12063","article-title":"State of the art in high density image matching","volume":"29","author":"Remondino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guidi, G., Barsanti, S.G., Micoli, L.L., and Russo, M. (2015). Massive 3D Digitization of Museum Contents. Built Heritage: Monitoring Conservation Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08533-3_28"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"173","article-title":"Application of 3D scanning technology in the protection of cultural reli","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Technol. Dev."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"120","article-title":"Establishment of 3D Relic Model Based on 3D Laser Scanner","volume":"4","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Beijing Surv. Mapp."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901807","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2038778","article-title":"A line scan camera based stereo method for high resolution 3D image reconstruction","volume":"9018","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Dongseok, K., Gyesoo, K., Siro, K., and Eunhwa, K. (September, January 31). Digital inventory and documentation of Korea\u2019s important cultural properties using 3D Laser Scanning. Proceedings of the 25th International CIPA Symposium, Taipei, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doi, J., Shimizu, K., and Sato, W. (2006, January 3\u20136). High-density scanning combined with digital image of real objects for complete reproduction of cultural artifacts. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Multisensor Fusion and Integration for Intelligent Systems, Heidelberg, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/MFI.2006.265673"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"145","article-title":"Cultural heritage recording with laser scanning, computer vision and exploitation of architectural rules","volume":"34","author":"Dekeyser","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"137","article-title":"Research on virtual demonstration of historical and cultural sites based on 3D laser scanning technology","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Content Technol. Its Appl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/16864360.2017.1353735","article-title":"The preservation of railroad-related cultural activities and subjects using 3D scans and photogrammetry","volume":"15","author":"Shih","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Des. Appl."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"247","article-title":"Close-range photogrammetry experiments for 3D modelling of archaeological excavation site","volume":"62","author":"Daniel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geomatica"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menna, F., Nocerino, E., Remondino, F., Dellepiane, M., Callieri, M., and Scopigno, R. (2016). 3D Digitization of AN Heritage Masterpiece\u2014A Critical Analysis on Quality Assessment. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci., XLI-B5.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XLI-B5-675-2016"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"321","article-title":"Image-based 3D capture of cultural heritage artifacts an experimental study about 3D data quality","volume":"2","author":"Guidi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Digit. Herit."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1359","article-title":"Color structured light technology for high-speed 3D shape measurement based on gray code method","volume":"21","author":"Han","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Optoelectron. Laser"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"145","article-title":"A method of 3D measurement and reconstruction for cultural relics in museums","volume":"XXXIX-B5","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Surv. Mapp."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, Y., Shen, Y., Zhang, G., and Xing, X. (2017). Real-Time and High-Resolution 3D Face Measurement via a Smart Active Optical Sensor. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040734"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, B., Zhu, J., Yang, L., Yang, S., and Guo, Y. (2016). Sensor for In-Motion Continuous 3D Shape Measurement Based on Dual Line-Scan Cameras. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16111949"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"18","article-title":"Application of high precision global phase decomposition in multi frequency three dimensional measurement","volume":"39","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1343","article-title":"Method for three-dimensional reconstruction based on color structured light","volume":"43","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Jilin Univ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13641","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.013641","article-title":"Application of global phase filtering method in multi frequency measurement","volume":"22","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2017.01.021","article-title":"A new general nearest neighbor classification based on the mutual neighborhood information","volume":"121","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarkson, K.L. (2006). Nearest-neighbor searching and metric space dimensions. Nearest-Neighbor Methods for Learning and Vision: Theory and Practice, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4908.003.0005"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63309-1_35","article-title":"Data reduction for point cloud using octree coding","volume":"Volume 10361","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intelligent Computing Theories and Application"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-48247-6_4","article-title":"3D reconstruction based on model registration using RANSAC-ICP algorithm","volume":"Volume 8971","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transactions on Edutainment XI"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"47","article-title":"ICP registration technology based on the coordinate system direction fit","volume":"9","author":"Tian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Secur. Its Appl."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2015.06.061","article-title":"Phase unwrapping method based on multiple fringe patterns without use of equivalent wavelengths","volume":"355","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/9\/2981\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:19:14Z","timestamp":1760195954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/9\/2981"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s18092981"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18092981","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]]}}}