{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:04:42Z","timestamp":1787029482579,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,12]],"date-time":"2018-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012818","name":"Comunidad de Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SINFOTON-CM Research Program (S2013\/MIT-2790)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SINFOTON-CM Research Program (S2013\/MIT-2790)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUBTOPIC project (TEC2016-77242-C3-3-R)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBTOPIC project (TEC2016-77242-C3-3-R)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Visible light communication systems can be used in a wide variety of applications, from driving to home automation. The use of wearables can increase the potential applications in indoor systems to send and receive specific and customized information. We have designed and developed a fully organic and flexible Visible Light Communication system using a flexible OLED, a flexible P3HT:PCBM-based organic photodiode (OPD) and flexible PCBs for the emitter and receiver conditioning circuits. We have fabricated and characterized the I-V curve, modulation response and impedance of the flexible OPD. As emitter we have used a commercial flexible organic luminaire with dimensions 99 \u00d7 99 \u00d7 0.88 mm, and we have characterized its modulation response. All the devices show frequency responses that allow operation over 40 kHz, thus enabling the transmission of high quality audio. Finally, we integrated the emitter and receiver components and its electronic drivers, to build an all-organic flexible VLC system capable of transmitting an audio file in real-time, as a proof of concept of the indoor capabilities of such a system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18093045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,12]],"date-time":"2018-09-12T10:26:36Z","timestamp":1536747996000},"page":"3045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["An All-Organic Flexible Visible Light Communication System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3276-4163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Vega-Colado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Technology Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (GDAF-UC3M), Legan\u00e9s, 28911 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9923-1225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bel\u00e9n","family":"Arredondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Technology Area, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (DELFO-URJC), M\u00f3stoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Technology Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (GDAF-UC3M), Legan\u00e9s, 28911 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7943-4471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"L\u00f3pez-Fraguas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Technology Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (GDAF-UC3M), Legan\u00e9s, 28911 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2304-129X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Vergaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Technology Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (GDAF-UC3M), Legan\u00e9s, 28911 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5631-3370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Mart\u00edn-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Technology Area, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (DELFO-URJC), M\u00f3stoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0584-8559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Del Pozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Technology Area, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (DELFO-URJC), M\u00f3stoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Technology Area, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (DELFO-URJC), M\u00f3stoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Palvi","family":"Apilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., 90571 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xabier","family":"Quintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering and Photonics Technology Department, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (CEMDATIC-UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5625-1162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morten","family":"A. Geday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering and Photonics Technology Department, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (CEMDATIC-UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"De Dios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Technology Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (GDAF-UC3M), Legan\u00e9s, 28911 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5903-5967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Pena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Technology Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (GDAF-UC3M), Legan\u00e9s, 28911 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2012.2210397","article-title":"1-Gb\/s Transmission Over a Phosphorescent White LED by Using Rate-Adaptive Discrete Multitone Modulation","volume":"4","author":"Khalid","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B501","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.00B501","article-title":"3.4 Gbit\/s visible optical wireless transmission based on RGB LED","volume":"20","author":"Cossu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. 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