{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T10:16:13Z","timestamp":1774347373012,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,12]],"date-time":"2018-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51405074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51405074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System (Harbin Institute of Technology)","award":["SKLRS-2012-MS-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLRS-2012-MS-02"]}]},{"name":"Key Projects of Science and Technology Development Plan of Jilin Province","award":["20150101030JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20150101030JC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A magnetoelastic-based (MB) sensor was employed as a novel method to monitor and assess the degradation rate of magnesium-based artificial bone (MBAB) in vitro, which can be used as an implant to repair a bone defect, providing a quantitative method to depict the degradation rate of MBAB. MBABs were fabricated by the Pro\/Engineering software and a precision machine tool using high-purity (HP) magnesium. The MB sensor was embedded in the neutral surface of MBAB by an unharmful quick adhesive, forming the MB sensor-embedded MBAB (EMBAB). The modified simulated body fluid (MSBF) media (PH = 7.4), mimicking the human internal environment, and the NaOH media (PH = 12), accelerating EMBAB\u2019s degradation, were used to immerse the EMBAB for 15 days at 37 \u00b0C. The EMBAB was then tested daily on a self-developed experimental platform to monitor the relative output power under a 100 N external force. The results showed that the relative output power of the sensing coil gradually increased with the EMBAB\u2019s degradation. The degradation rate of the EMBAB could be calculated on the basis of the changes of the relative output power caused by the MB sensor and of the degradation time. With the EMBAB\u2019s degradation, an increasing strain directly worked on the MB sensor, significantly changing the value of the relative output power, which means that the EMBAB was characterized by a quick degradation rate. During the 15 days of the experiment, the degradation rates on the 7th and 15th days were 0.005 dbm\/day and 0.02 dbm\/day, and 0.02 dbm\/day and 0.04 dbm\/day in MSBF and alkaline media, respectively. Therefore, the MB sensor provides a wireless and passive method to monitor and assess the degradation rate of bone implants in vitro.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18093066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,12]],"date-time":"2018-09-12T10:26:36Z","timestamp":1536747996000},"page":"3066","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Monitoring and Assessing the Degradation Rate of Magnesium-Based Artificial Bone In Vitro Using a Wireless Magnetoelastic Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0200-9637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Limin","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4740-067X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7754-6739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yisong","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunde, P., H\u00e4nzi, A.C., Sologubenko, A.S., and Uggowitzer, P.J. (2011). High-strength magnesium alloys for degradable implant applications. Mater. Sci. Eng. A.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2010.09.068"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2014.05.130","article-title":"In vivo study of nanostructured diopside (CaMgSi2O6) coating on magnesium alloy as biodegradable orthopedic implants","volume":"313","author":"Razavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2013.09.160","article-title":"Coating of biodegradable magnesium alloy bone implants using nanostructured diopside (CaMgSi2O6)","volume":"288","author":"Razavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32132","article-title":"In vivo evaluation of biodegradable magnesium alloy bone implant in the first 6 months implantation","volume":"90","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.08.020","article-title":"Bone-implant interface strength and osseointegration: Biodegradable magnesium alloy versus standard titanium control","volume":"7","author":"Castellani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2013.08.008","article-title":"Comparative biomechanical and radiological characterization of osseointegration of a biodegradable magnesium alloy pin and a copolymeric control for osteosynthesis","volume":"28","author":"Lindtner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30801","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of formaldehyde on human osteoblastic cells is related to intracellular glutathione levels","volume":"83","author":"Ho","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.10399","article-title":"Three-dimensional, bioactive, biodegradable, polymer-bioactive glass composite scaffolds with improved mechanical properties support collagen synthesis and mineralization of human osteoblast-like cells in vitro","volume":"64","author":"Lu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2014.12.041","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of as-extruded Mg-Sn alloys for orthopedic applications","volume":"70","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.06.017","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo corrosion and histocompatibility of pure Mg and a Mg-6Zn alloy as urinary implants in rat model","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45021","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/10\/4\/045021","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo corrosion of the novel magnesium alloy Mg-La-Nd-Zr: Influence of the measurement technique and in vivo implant location","volume":"10","author":"Reifenrath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-012-6572-2","article-title":"Biodegradable magnesium implants for orthopedic applications","volume":"48","author":"Waizy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, L., Yu, G., Zhang, E., Pan, F., and Yang, K. (2007). In vivo corrosion behavior of Mg-Mn-Zn alloy for bone implant application. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.31273"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Sultan, Z.K. (2016). Biomaterials: Principles and Applications Key Features Speci Cation, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.10.003","article-title":"Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials: A review","volume":"27","author":"Staiger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02077636","article-title":"Feasibility of non-invasive measurement of tissue ph using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy","volume":"12","author":"Soller","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Monit."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"4373","article-title":"Acid pH in tumors and its potential for therpeutic exploitation","volume":"49","author":"Tannock","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1137","article-title":"Skeletal muscle acidosis correlates with the severity of blood volume loss during shock and resuscitation","volume":"51","author":"Sims","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4804(03)00251-8","article-title":"Investigation of muscle pH as an indicator of liver pH and injury from hemorrhagic shock","volume":"114","author":"Soller","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1557\/opl.2013.765","article-title":"Marine Adhesive Containing Nanocomposite Hydrogel with Enhanced Materials and Bioadhesive Properties","volume":"1569","author":"Doi","year":"2013","journal-title":"MRS Online Proc. Lib. Arch."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2976","DOI":"10.1021\/bm1007794","article-title":"Adhesive performance of biomimetic adhesive-coated biologic scaffolds","volume":"11","author":"Murphy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, Y. (2017). A Passive and Wireless Sensor for Bone Plate Strain Monitoring. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112635"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3735\/21\/12\/002","article-title":"Metallic glasses and sensing applications","volume":"21","author":"Search","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Phys. E Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.1981.1061735","article-title":"Magnetomechanical coupling and permeability in transversely annealed metglas 2605 alloys","volume":"17","author":"Modzelewski","year":"1981","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3390\/s20700294","article-title":"Wireless Magnetoelastic Resonance Sensors: A Critical Review","volume":"2","author":"Grimes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1039\/b616035b","article-title":"A wireless magnetoelastic biosensor for the direct detection of organophosphorus pesticides","volume":"132","author":"Zourob","year":"2007","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2006.874450","article-title":"Quantification of multiple bioagents with wireless, remote-query magnetoelastic microsensors","volume":"6","author":"Ong","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2005.11.007","article-title":"A rapid highly-sensitive endotoxin detection system","volume":"21","author":"Ong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3390\/bios2010057","article-title":"Fabrication of biocompatible, vibrational magnetoelastic materials for controlling cellular adhesion","volume":"2","author":"Holmes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0250-6874(87)80052-5","article-title":"Sensitive, wide frequency range magnetostrictive strain gage","volume":"12","author":"Savage","year":"1987","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1051\/jphyslet:019830044013054100","article-title":"Tensile Stress Effect on Magnetic Properties of cw-LASER annealed amorphous Fe40Ni40P14B6 ribbons","volume":"44","author":"Lanotte","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2007.892858","article-title":"Wireless magnetoelastic physical, chemical, and biological sensors","volume":"43","author":"Zeng","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2004.826626","article-title":"Magnetic force control based on the inverse magnetostrictive effect","volume":"40","author":"Ueno","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2015.2470248","article-title":"A wireless sensor for real-time monitoring of tensile force on sutured wound sites","volume":"63","author":"Pacella","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2014.2341272","article-title":"An ingestible sensor for measuring medication adherence","volume":"62","author":"Hafezi","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S118","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199910001-00012","article-title":"Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers for Orthopaedic Applications","volume":"367","author":"Behravesh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31769","article-title":"In vitro biodegradation behavior of magnesium and magnesium alloy","volume":"98B","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.10482","article-title":"Preparation and assessment of revised simulated body fluids","volume":"65","author":"Oyane","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.06.031","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo studies on the degradation of high-purity Mg (99.99 wt.%) screw with femoral intracondylar fractured rabbit model","volume":"64","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.12.004","article-title":"In vitro studies of biomedical magnesium alloys in a simulated physiological environment: A review","volume":"7","author":"Xin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.11.111","article-title":"A biodegradable polymer-based coating to control the performance of magnesium alloy orthopaedic implants","volume":"31","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.342-343.601","article-title":"Study of Biodegradation of Pure Magnesium","volume":"342","author":"Ren","year":"2007","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.07.005","article-title":"Recent advances on the development of magnesium alloys for biodegradable implants","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.06.028","article-title":"Research on an Mg-Zn alloy as a degradable biomaterial","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1002\/maco.200704091","article-title":"Corrosion and corrosion testing of magnesium alloys","volume":"58","author":"Bender","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Corros."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, G., Atrens, A., and Stjohn, D. (2014). An Hydrogen Evolution Method for the Estimation of the Corrosion Rate of Magnesium Alloys. Essential Readings in Magnesium Technology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118859803.ch90"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-013-0730-9","article-title":"General and localized corrosion of magnesium alloys: A critical review","volume":"22","author":"Ghali","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2010.03.007","article-title":"Fluoride treatment and in vitro corrosion behavior of an AZ31B magnesium alloy","volume":"30","author":"Yan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.04.018","article-title":"Effect of surface pre-treatments on biocompatibility of magnesium","volume":"5","author":"Lorenz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2008.12.015","article-title":"Effect of inorganic salts, amino acids and proteins on the degradation of pure magnesium in vitro","volume":"29","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/9\/3066\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:20:10Z","timestamp":1760196010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/9\/3066"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,12]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s18093066"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18093066","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,12]]}}}