{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T18:22:46Z","timestamp":1773771766332,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,15]],"date-time":"2018-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The paper presents an ultra-high-speed image sensor for motion pictures of reproducible events emitting very weak light. The sensor is backside-illuminated. Each pixel is equipped with the multiple collection gates (MCG) at the center of the front side. Each collection gate is connected to an in-pixel large memory unit, which can accumulate image signals captured by repetitive imaging. The combination of the backside illumination, image signal accumulation, and slow readout from the in-pixel signal storage after an image capturing operation offers a very high sensitivity. Pipeline signal transfer from the MCG to the in-pixel memory units enables the sensor to achieve a large frame count and a very high frame rate at the same time. A test sensor was fabricated with a pixel count of 32 \u00d7 32 pixels. Each pixel is equipped with four collection gates, each connected to a memory unit with 305 elements; thus, with a total frame count of 1220 (305 \u00d7 4) frames. The test camera achieved 25 Mfps, while the sensor was designed to operate at 50 Mfps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18093112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T10:42:20Z","timestamp":1537180940000},"page":"3112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["An Image Signal Accumulation Multi-Collection-Gate Image Sensor Operating at 25 Mfps with 32 \u00d7 32 Pixels and 1220 In-Pixel Frame Memory"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Vu","family":"Dao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, International University, Vietnam National University HCMC, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nguyen","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4198-4208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Telecommunications, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 1 Dai Co Viet Road, Ha Noi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Morimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Shimonomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Goetschalckx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Haspeslagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piet","family":"De Moor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kohsei","family":"Takehara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka City, Osaka 577-8502, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takeharu","family":"Etoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan"},{"name":"School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka City, Osaka 577-8502, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4100","DOI":"10.3390\/s100404100","article-title":"Ultra-high-speed image signal accumulation sensor","volume":"10","author":"Etoh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4640","DOI":"10.3390\/s130404640","article-title":"Toward one giga frames per second-Evolution of in-Situ storage image sensors","volume":"13","author":"Etoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Etoh, T.G., Nguyen, A.Q., Kamakura, Y., Shimonomura, K., Le, T.H., and Mori, N. 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Proceedings of the IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), Digest of Technical Papers, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crooks, J., Marsh, B., Turchetta, R., Taylor, K., Chan, W., Lahav, A., and Fenigstein, A. (2013, January 3). Kirana: A solid-state megapixel uCMOS image sensor for ultrahigh speed imaging. Proceedings of the SPIE 8659(03), Sensors, Cameras, and Systems for Industrial and Scientific Applications XIV, Burlingame, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2011762"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Etoh, T.G., and Mutoh, H. (2009). Image Accumulation High-Speed Imaging Device. (2011-082925), JP A, (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Etoh, T.G., and Matshuoka, T. (2014). High-Sensitivity High-Speed Solid-State Image Sensor. (2016-63530A), JP A, (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Suzuki, M., Suzuki, M., Kuroda, R., and Sugawa, S. (February, January 28). Electronic imaging, image sensors and imaging systems. Proceedings of the Name of the 2018 IS&T International Symposium on Electronic Imaging, Burlingame, CA, USA."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/9\/3112\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:20:41Z","timestamp":1760196041000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/9\/3112"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,15]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s18093112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18093112","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,15]]}}}