{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T11:55:34Z","timestamp":1772884534114,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,15]],"date-time":"2018-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless channel propagation characteristics and models are important to ensure the communication quality of wireless sensor networks in agriculture. Wireless channel attenuation experiments were carried out at different node antenna heights (0.8 m, 1.2 m, 1.6 m, and 2.0 m) in the tillering, jointing, and grain filling stages of rice fields. We studied the path loss variation trends at different transmission distances and analyzed the differences between estimated values and measured values of path loss in a free space model and a two-ray model. Regression analysis of measured path loss values was used to establish a one-slope log-distance model and propose a modified two-slope log-distance model. The attenuation speed in wireless channel propagation in rice fields intensified with rice developmental stage and the transmission range had monotone increases with changes in antenna height. The relative error (RE) of estimation in the free space model and the two-ray model under four heights ranged from 6.48\u201315.49% and 2.09\u201313.51%, respectively, and these two models were inadequate for estimating wireless channel path loss in rice fields. The ranges of estimated RE for the one-slope and modified two-slope log-distance models during the three rice developmental stages were 2.40\u20132.25% and 1.89\u20131.31%, respectively. The one-slope and modified two-slope log-distance model had better applicability for modeling of wireless channels in rice fields. The estimated RE values for the modified two-slope log-distance model were all less than 2%, which improved the performance of the one-slope log-distance model. This validates that the modified two-slope log-distance model had better applicability in a rice field environment than the other models. These data provide a basis for modeling of sensor network channels and construction of wireless sensor networks in rice fields. Our results will aid in the design of effective rice field WSNs and increase the transmission quality in rice field sensor networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18093116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T10:42:20Z","timestamp":1537180940000},"page":"3116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Wireless Channel Propagation Characteristics and Modeling Research in Rice Field Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6302-3638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenran","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for the Technology and Application of Internet of Things, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weijing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for the Technology and Application of Internet of Things, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1884-2404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for the Technology and Application of Internet of Things, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongchao","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for the Technology and Application of Internet of Things, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangrong","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for the Technology and Application of Internet of Things, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weixing","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for the Technology and Application of Internet of Things, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for the Technology and Application of Internet of Things, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1238.2011.00576","article-title":"Review on wireless sensor network technology applications in precision agriculture","volume":"37","author":"Zhen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hunan Agric. Univ."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"639","article-title":"Research status and prospect of wireless sensor network in agriculture","volume":"23","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Agric. Zhejiangensis"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2015.2434384","article-title":"Wideband Millimeter-Wave Propagation Measurements and Channel Models for Future Wireless Communication System Design","volume":"63","author":"Rappaport","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Darr, M.J., and Zhao, L. (2, January June). Modeling path loss in confined animal feeding operations. Proceedings of the 2008 ASABE Annual International Meeting, Providence, RI, USA."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"388","article-title":"Microwave signal propagation on oil palm trees: measurements and analysis","volume":"4","author":"Rizman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Sens. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Hebel, M.A., Tate, R.F., and Watson, D.G. (June, January USA). Results of Wireless Sensor Network Transceiver Testing for Agricultural Applications. Proceedings of the 2008 ASAE Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"144","article-title":"Application Status and Existing Problems of Wireless Sensor Network in Agriculture","volume":"44","author":"Gong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Guizhou Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jawad, H.M., Nordin, R., Gharghan, S.K., Jawad, A.M., and Ismail, M. (2017). Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks for Precision Agriculture: A Review. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081781"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Z., and Akyildiz, I.F. (2012, January 25\u201330). On Capacity of Magnetic Induction-based Wireless Underground Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2012.6195774"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1108\/02602281211233188","article-title":"Adaptive error control in wireless sensor networks under harsh smart grid environments","volume":"32","author":"Bilgin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"141","article-title":"Measurement and analysis of radio channel model for near-ground wireless sensor network","volume":"16","author":"Jie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Precis. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Performance assessment of short-range radio propagation in crop fields","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Jiangsu Univ."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"184","article-title":"Impact of antenna height on propagation characteristics of 2.4 GHz wireless channel in wheat fields","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agri. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"291","article-title":"Path loss modeling for 2.4 GHz wireless channel in wheat fields","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agri. Mach."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoo, J.H., Lee, J.H., and Cho, S.H. (2011, January 2\u20135). A propagation model in 2.4 GHz ISM band using IEEE 802.15.4 systems. Proceedings of the 17th Asia Pacific Conference on Communications, Sabah, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/APCC.2011.6152830"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Jang, S., Park, L., Na, W., Dao, N.N., Eom, J.H., Kim, Y.H., Lee, J.W., and Cho, S. (2016, January 5\u20138). Optimization of ISM Band interference coordination between WLAN and IEEE 802.15.4 using NAV on PAN Coordinator. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"48","article-title":"Experiment and analysis of WSN channel propagation characteristics in complex environment","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Internet Things Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-011-9522-4","article-title":"Investigation of radio channel uncertainty in distance estimation in wireless sensor networks","volume":"52","author":"Moravek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Telecommun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"23","article-title":"Determination of Empirical Formula for 2.4 GHz Signal Propagation Path Loss Model in Overwater Environment","volume":"42","author":"Jia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radio Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2012.08.011","article-title":"Influence of foliage on radio path losses (PLs) for wireless sensor network (WSN) planning in orchards","volume":"114","author":"Vougioukas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1189","article-title":"Modeling for wireless channel transmission loss characteristics under rapeseed growth big field environment","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Res. Comput."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-1499-2012-192","article-title":"Frequency tracking by method of least squares combined with channel estimation for OFDM over mobile wireless channels","volume":"2012","author":"Yen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eurasip J. Wirel. Commun. Networking"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Sheng, X. (2008). Study of propagation model in mobile communications. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Posts and Telecommunications]."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1018","article-title":"Near-Ground Path Loss Measurements and Modeling for Wireless Sensor Networks at 2.4 GHz","volume":"2012","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"2242","article-title":"2.4 GHz Wireless Channel Transmission Characteristics of Wireless Sensor Network in Intelligent Irrigation System","volume":"9","author":"Qiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hubei Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"665","article-title":"Study of wheat farmland multipath fading channel modeling based on statistical distribution","volume":"44","author":"Miao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Electron. Sin."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"217","article-title":"Diverity or irregularity of wave propagation on the interface\u2014the reasons for the deviation of the target body in the reflection and refraction wave interpretation","volume":"32","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"20","article-title":"Path Loss Modeling for 2.4 GHz Wireless Channel in Campus Leisure Area Environment","volume":"11","author":"Qi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inf. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"66","article-title":"Influence of field environment on channel propagation characteristics and modeling of Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"4","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mod. Agric."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Li, D. (2012). Introduction to Internet of Things in Agriculture, Beijing Science Press."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"2","article-title":"The state-of-the-art and developing strategies of agricultural Internet of Thing","volume":"45","author":"Ge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans Chin. Soc. Agric. Mach."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"216","article-title":"Advancement and trend of Internet of Things in agriculture and sensing instrument","volume":"44","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans Chin. Soc. Agric. Mach."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Briones, A., Castellanos-Garz\u00f3n, J.A., Mart\u00edn, Y.M., Prieto, J., and Corchado, J.M. (2018). A Framework for Knowledge Discovery from Wireless Sensor Networks in Rural Environments: A Crop Irrigation Systems Case Study. Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6089280"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/9\/3116\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:20:45Z","timestamp":1760196045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/9\/3116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,15]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s18093116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18093116","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,15]]}}}