{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:03:32Z","timestamp":1760241812115,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,16]],"date-time":"2018-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent paradigm shifts in manufacturing have resulted from the need for a smart manufacturing environment. In this study, we developed a model to detect anomalous signs in advance and embedded it in an existing programmable logic controller system. For this, we investigated the innovation process for smart manufacturing in the domain of synthetic rubber and its vulcanization process, as well as a real-time sensing technology. The results indicate that only analysis of the pattern of input variables can lead to significant results without the generation of target variables through manual testing of chemical properties. We have also made a practical contribution to the realization of a smart manufacturing environment by building cloud-based infrastructure and models for the pre-detection of defects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18093123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T10:42:20Z","timestamp":1537180940000},"page":"3123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Sensor-Based Real-Time Detection in Vulcanization Control Using Machine Learning and Pattern Clustering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jonghyuk","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Economics, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6649-2587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunwoo","family":"Hwangbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Data &amp; Knowledge Service Engineering, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-do 16890, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Noh, S.D., Kim, H.-J., and Kang, Y.-S. (2018). Implementation of cyber-physical production systems for quality prediction and operation control in metal casting. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051428"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-015-1042-8","article-title":"Advanced manufacturing systems: Socialization characteristics and trends","volume":"28","author":"Tao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Intell. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034701","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4034667","article-title":"Industry 4.0 and cloud manufacturing: A comparative analysis","volume":"139","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.200700168","article-title":"The renewable chemicals industry","volume":"1","author":"Christensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"ChemSusChem"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2013.10.038","article-title":"Effect of expanded graphite and modified graphite flakes on the physical and thermo-mechanical properties of styrene butadiene rubber\/polybutadiene rubber (SBR\/BR) blends","volume":"55","author":"Malas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castillo Aguilar, J.J., Cabrera Carrillo, J.A., Guerra Fern\u00e1ndez, A.J., and Postigo Pozo, S. (2017). Optimization of an optical test bench for tire properties measurement and tread defects characterization. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040707"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2011.01.001","article-title":"Polymer nanoparticles: Preparation techniques and size-control parameters","volume":"36","author":"Rao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2016.05.021","article-title":"Vulcanization kinetics and reversion behavior of natural rubber\/styrene-butadiene rubber blend filled with nanodiamond\u2013the role of sulfur curing system","volume":"81","author":"Rabiei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2016.04.010","article-title":"Comparative study of thermal, mechanical and structural properties of polybutadiene rubber isomers vulcanized using peroxide","volume":"52","author":"Garraza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2016.06.023","article-title":"Effect of entanglements in the microstructure of cured NR\/SBR blends prepared by solution and mixing in a two-roll mill","volume":"81","author":"Mansilla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2017.02.016","article-title":"Enhancing interfacial interaction and mechanical properties of styrene-butadiene rubber composites via silica-supported vulcanization accelerator","volume":"96","author":"Zhong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2017.07.025","article-title":"Natural rubber\/styrene-butadiene rubber blends prepared by solution mixing: Influence of vulcanization temperature using a Semi-EV sulfur curing system on the microstructural properties","volume":"63","author":"Mansilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2016.11.005","article-title":"Novel functional silica nanoparticles for rubber vulcanization and reinforcement","volume":"144","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.5254\/rct.16.85963","article-title":"Effect of Sulfur to Accelerator Ration on Crosslink Structure, Reversion, and Strenth in Natural Rubber","volume":"89","author":"Boonkerd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36931","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36931","article-title":"The Synergy of Double Cross-linking Agents on the Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber Foams","volume":"6","author":"Shao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.5341","article-title":"Curing enhancement and network effects in multi-walled carbon nanotube-filled vulcanized natural rubber: Evidence for solvent sensing","volume":"66","author":"Ponnamma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1007\/s00231-016-1877-3","article-title":"Experimental study of temperature distribution in rubber material during microwave heating and vulcanization process","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2016.04.001","article-title":"Conductive thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) based on polypropylene (PP)\/ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM) blend: From strain sensor to highly stretchable conductor","volume":"128","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.03.022","article-title":"An innovative method in the regeneration of waste rubber and the sustainable development","volume":"172","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.01.121","article-title":"Environmentally friendly polymer-rubber composites obtained from waste tyres: A review","volume":"147","author":"Sienkiewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5776","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.6b01760","article-title":"Turning vulcanized natural rubber into a self-healing polymer: Effect of the disulfide\/polysulfide ratio","volume":"4","author":"Grande","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TC04376J","article-title":"A new approach to construct three dimensional segregated graphene structures in rubber composites for enhanced conductive, mechanical and barrier properties","volume":"4","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.6b00224","article-title":"Self-healing, reshaping, and recycling of vulcanized chloroprene rubber: A case study of multitask cyclic utilization of cross-linked polymer","volume":"4","author":"Xiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.5254\/rct.16.83732","article-title":"New Insihgts into Rubber Network Structure by a Combination of Experimental Techniques","volume":"90","author":"Rommel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, T., Novais, P., and Neves, J. (2013). Representation of clinical practice guideline components in owl. Trends in Practical Applications of Agents and Multiagent Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-00563-8_10"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2011.2165269","article-title":"Cyber\u2013physical system security for the electric power grid","volume":"100","author":"Sridhar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2011.2161529","article-title":"Toward a science of cyber\u2013physical system integration","volume":"100","author":"Sztipanovits","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Wan, J., Li, D., and Liu, C. (2018). Knowledge reasoning with semantic data for real-time data processing in smart factory. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020471"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spits, C., Wallace, L., and Reinke, K. (2017). Investigating surface and near-surface bushfire fuel attributes: A comparison between visual assessments and image-based point clouds. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040910"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/9\/3123\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:20:49Z","timestamp":1760196049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/9\/3123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,16]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s18093123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18093123","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,16]]}}}