{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T16:51:18Z","timestamp":1762102278646,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11574251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11574251"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A free-flooded transducer that couples the vibration of a longitudinal vibration transducer and the fluid cavity of an aluminum ring was investigated. Given the transducer is based on a fluid cavity structure and has no air cavity, it can resist high hydrostatic pressure when working underwater, which is suitable for application in the deep sea. At first, the structure and working principle of the transducer were introduced. Then, the axisymmetric finite element model of the transducer was established; and the transmitting voltage response, admittance, and radiation directivity of the transducer were simulated using the finite element method. According to the size of the finite element model, a prototype of the transducer was designed and fabricated, and the electro-acoustic performance of the prototype was measured in an anechoic water tank. The experimental results were consistent with the simulation results and showed a good performance of the transducer. Finally, the improvement of the radiation directivity of the transducer by the optimal design of the free-flooded aluminum ring was obtained using the finite element method and verified by experiments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18093128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T10:42:20Z","timestamp":1537180940000},"page":"3128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Finite Element Calculation with Experimental Verification for a Free-Flooded Transducer Based on Fluid Cavity Structure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Zhengyao","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenqiang","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Technical innovations with progress of underwater transducers","volume":"46","author":"Mo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Shaanxi Norm. Univ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"084301","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-1056\/20\/8\/084301","article-title":"Advantage analysis of PMN-PT material for free-flooded ring transducers","volume":"20","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1918994","article-title":"Performance of open ferroelectric ceramic rings in underwater transducers","volume":"36","author":"McMahon","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2003.811888","article-title":"sound projector for acoustic tomography and global ocean monitoring","volume":"28","author":"Morozov","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1121\/1.384328","article-title":"The Helmholtz resonator as a high-power deep-submergence source for frequencies below 500 Hz","volume":"67","author":"Henriquez","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"188","article-title":"A low frequency Janus-Helmholtz transducer","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tech. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"397","article-title":"Outer cavity Janus-Helmholtz underwater acoustic transducer","volume":"42","author":"Sang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Acust."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1914425","article-title":"Finite element analysis of acoustically radiating structures with applications to sonar transducers","volume":"54","author":"Smith","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. 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Transducers and Arrays for Underwater Sound, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-33139-3"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/9\/3128\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:20:54Z","timestamp":1760196054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/9\/3128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s18093128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18093128","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]]}}}