{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:02:41Z","timestamp":1760241761280,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Postdoctoral Fellowships","award":["1\/2560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1\/2560"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface plasmon Resonance (SPR) has recently been of interest for label-free voltage sensing. Several SPR structures have been proposed. However, making a quantitative cross-platform comparison for these structures is not straightforward due to (1) different SPR measurement mechanisms; (2) different electrolytic solution and concentration in the measurement; and (3) different levels of external applied potential. Here, we propose a quantitative approach to make a direct quantitative comparison across different SPR structures, different electrolytic solutions and different SPR measurement mechanisms. There are two structures employed as example in this theoretical study including uniform plasmonic gold sensor and bimetallic layered structure consisting of uniform silver layer (Ag) coated by uniform gold layer (Ag). The cross-platform comparison was carried by several performance parameters including sensitivity (S), full width half maximum (FWHM) and figure of merit (FoM). We also discuss how the SPR measurement mechanisms enhance the performance parameters and how the bimetallic layer can be employed to enhance the FoM by a factor of 1.34 to 25 depending on the SPR detection mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18093136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T10:42:20Z","timestamp":1537180940000},"page":"3136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Quantitative Cross-Platform Performance Comparison between Different Detection Mechanisms in Surface Plasmon Sensors for Voltage Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8195-1841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phitsini","family":"Suvarnaphaet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biomedical Engineering, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand"}]},{"given":"Suejit","family":"Pechprasarn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biomedical Engineering, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1021\/nl801891q","article-title":"Optical detection of brain cell activity using plasmonic gold nanoparticles","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haynes, W.M. (2014). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b17118"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.25.753","article-title":"Precision measurements of the lattice const;nts of twelve common metals","volume":"25","author":"Davey","year":"1925","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6028(71)90272-X","article-title":"Differential reflection spectroscopy of very thin surface films","volume":"24","author":"McIntyre","year":"1971","journal-title":"Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Garcia, N., and Damask, A. (2012). Physics for Computer Science Students: With Emphasis on Atomic and Semiconductor Physics, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5271","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.37.005271","article-title":"Optical properties of metallic films for vertical-cavity optoelectronic devices","volume":"37","author":"Elazar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4370","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.6.4370","article-title":"Optical constants of the noble metals","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"1972","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2018, August 22). Optical Glass. Available online: https:\/\/www.schott.com\/advanced_optics\/english\/products\/optical-materials\/optical-glass\/optical-glass\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"213","article-title":"Hecht optics","volume":"997","author":"Hecht","year":"1998","journal-title":"Addison Wesley"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(02)01224-2","article-title":"Surface plasmon resonance transients at an electrochemical interface: Time resolved measurements using a bicell photodiode","volume":"475","author":"Garland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.105.070771","article-title":"Theoretical evaluation of voltage inducement on internal membranes of biological cells exposed to electric fields","volume":"90","author":"Kotnik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puiu, M., and Bala, C. (2016). Spr and spr imaging: Recent trends in developing nanodevices for detection and real-time monitoring of biomolecular events. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16060870"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4092","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.36.004092","article-title":"Phase sensitive spr sensor for wide dynamic range detection","volume":"36","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suvarnaphaet, P., and Pechprasarn, S. (2018). Enhancement of long-range surface plasmon excitation, dynamic range and figure of merit using a dielectric resonant cavity. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18092757"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8547","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26424-2","article-title":"Application of confocal surface wave microscope to self-calibrated attenuation coefficient measurement by goos-h\u00e4nchen phase shift modulation","volume":"8","author":"Pechprasarn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31552","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.031552","article-title":"Sensitive detection of voltage transients using differential intensity surface plasmon resonance system","volume":"25","author":"Abayzeed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"093107","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4894655","article-title":"Design and analysis of a spectro-angular surface plasmon resonance biosensor operating in the visible spectrum","volume":"85","author":"Roche","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19517","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.019517","article-title":"Grating-coupled otto configuration for hybridized surface phonon polariton excitation for local refractive index sensitivity enhancement","volume":"24","author":"Pechprasarn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.71.000811","article-title":"Rigorous coupled-wave analysis of planar-grating diffraction","volume":"71","author":"Moharam","year":"1981","journal-title":"JOSA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2014.07.076","article-title":"Theoretical investigation of voltage sensitivity enhancement for surface plasmon resonance based optical fiber sensor with a bimetallic layer","volume":"333","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.5.001744","article-title":"Detection limits of confocal surface plasmon microscopy","volume":"5","author":"Pechprasarn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e187","DOI":"10.1038\/lsa.2014.68","article-title":"Ultrastable embedded surface plasmon confocal interferometry","volume":"3","author":"Pechprasarn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Somekh, M.G., and Pechprasarn, S. (2016). Surface plasmon, surface wave, and enhanced evanescent wave microscopy. Handb. Photonics Biomed. Eng., 1\u201341.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6174-2_20-1"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20195","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20195","article-title":"High resolution quantitative angle-scanning widefield surface plasmon microscopy","volume":"6","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira de Macedo, E., Ducatti Formaggio, D.M., Salles Santos, N., and Batista Tada, D. (2017). Gold nanoparticles used as protein scavengers enhance surface plasmon resonance signal. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122765"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1021\/cr2001178","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles in chemical and biological sensing","volume":"112","author":"Saha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"575","article-title":"Exposure-related health effects of silver and silver compounds: A review","volume":"49","author":"Drake","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25574","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.025574","article-title":"Optical constants and structural properties of thin gold films","volume":"25","author":"Yakubovsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4968005","article-title":"An experimental and computational study of size-dependent contact-angle of dewetted metal nanodroplets below its melting temperature","volume":"109","author":"Azeredo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"017402","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.90.017402","article-title":"Optical properties of ultrathin films: Evidence for a dielectric anomaly at the insulator-to-metal transition","volume":"90","author":"Tu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, C.L., Chua, M., Mittman, H., Choo, L.X., Lim, H.Q., and Olivo, M. (2017). A phase-intensity surface plasmon resonance biosensor for avian influenza a (h5n1) detection. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102363"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/9\/3136\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:21:00Z","timestamp":1760196060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/9\/3136"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s18093136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18093136","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]]}}}