{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:04:00Z","timestamp":1760241840240,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,20]],"date-time":"2018-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["2017ZDXM-GY-009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017ZDXM-GY-009"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017M613136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017M613136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["2017BSHYDZZ13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017BSHYDZZ13"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61471292, 61501365, 61471388, 61331005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61471292, 61501365, 61471388, 61331005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a self-adaption matched filter (SMF) and bi-directional difference techniques are proposed to detect a small moving target in urban environments. Firstly, the SMF technique is proposed to improve the signal-to-interference-noise ratio (SINR) by using the power factor. The properties of the transmitting signal, the target echoes and the interference and noise are considered during the power factor generation. The amplitude coherent accumulation technique that extracts the coherent amplitude information of echoes after being processed by the SMF, is used to improve the SINR based on multiple measurements. Finally, the bi-directional difference technique is proposed to distinguish the target echoes and the interference\/noise. Simulations and experiments are conducted to validate and demonstrate that small moving targets can be detected with high probability using the proposed method in urban environments, even with just one measurement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,21]],"date-time":"2018-09-21T03:46:35Z","timestamp":1537501595000},"page":"3177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Self-Adaption Matched Filter and Bi-Directional Difference Method for Moving Target Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2201-867X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shitao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3151-1690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuehan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Telecommunication and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710121, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anxue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2210556","article-title":"Efficient detection and imaging of moving targets in SAR images based on chirp scaling","volume":"51","author":"Cristallini","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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